Fahrenheit 451 Vs. Looking Backward - 1560 Words

Fahrenheit 451 vs. Looking Backward In any society, there are bound to be flaws. In both Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy and Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury, major flaws of humanity are highlighted. Both authors discuss many issues we face, and offer ways to improve these issues. Bradbury suggests that society is too conformed, and the government is being hypocritical by telling us to fear a community in which everything is the same while facilitating that very type of place. Everyone in this cookie cutter world that Bradbury describes is identical. He suggests that the solution to this would be to let everyone live the way they want, with the freedom to be themselves and express their opinions. Bellamy argues that in our†¦show more content†¦Many people were unhappy, but chose to live a life of ignorance in order to protect themselves from the harms of the world, and to please the authority. Montag, the protagonist, was perhaps the most unhappy of all, thinking t o himself, â€Å"he was not happy. He was not happy. He said the words to himself. He recognized this as the true state of affairs† (Bradbury, 9). The underlying meaning of his writing could be interpreted as a jab at communism, considering he wrote his novel in 1953 which was during the early beginnings of the Cold War against the Soviet Union. Communism can be defined as a theory advocating for a culture in which all property is publicly owned and each person is given a rationed pay according to their needs. In Bradbury’s futuristic utopia, people have no privacy and everyone is brainwashed into thinking the same thing. When comparing communism with Bradbury’s society, the similarities are evident. During the Cold War, anyone associated with communism would be scrutinized and excluded from the community, because those were the people who wanted to conform under the government. Bradbury is criticizing a power force that encourages a lack of classes and his prop osed solution is to let the people earn what they deserve. While Bradbury believed that people should not conform under the government rules, Bellamy most likely would have thought that communism would have been a

Alternative Energy Engineering Degree Scholarship Essay

Essays on Alternative Energy Engineering Degree Scholarship Essay The paper "Alternative Energy Engineering Degree" is an excellent example of a scholarship essay on education. Everything needs energy. Cars, our homes, and the workplace all depend on energy to run engines and provide electric for electronics. Much of our energy today comes from fossil fuels that are non-renewable and pollute the environment. One of the greatest challenges we face today is figuring out how to provide the energy that provides for modern society while not burning fossil fuels that will run out and will pollute our planet. Engineering new ways, alternative ways of providing this energy is the professional goal I have set for myself.Currently, I am pursuing a two-year degree in Alternative Energy Engineering. I believe that getting this knowledge will give me the chance to get a good job that will help me make a difference in the world. The engineering aspect of developing alternative energy technology is appealing to me. I am not an inventor, so I do not want to work a s the person that invents the new photovoltaic cell or figures out how to better capture hydrogen for use in a fuel cell. What I am determined to do is to take these inventions that other people discover and then figure out how to apply the science in the real world.I believe that I deserve this scholarship because I am a determined, hard-working individual that has a plan for how to make the world a better place. I have always worked hard in school and have gotten good grades. I believe that this scholarship will allow me to study something in school that will improve my community and provides a good job.

Before 1640, parliament was no Essay Example For Students

Before 1640, parliament was no Essay Before 1640, parliament was not powerful and it did not contain anopposition. Discuss. There are two schools of thought concerning parliamentary power and opposition prior to 1640. The older Whig ideal argues that Parliament was indeed powerful, and contained opposition to the government, i.e. the Crown, because a power struggle ensued, while the Revisionist faction denounces this view of a power struggle between Crown and Parliament. it is important that two key words are defined (Chambers dictionary); powerful will be known as having great power and force, while opposition will be regarded as the parliamentary body that opposes the government, i.e. the Crown. The Revisionist critique that Parliament did not contain opposition and was not powerful has many followers with many of the recent historians, such as Loades, Sharpe and Russell. Their argument stands on shaky ground. The three reigns prior to the Civil war (greatest power struggle of all time) were littered with Parliamentary opposition and power struggle. The more viable Whig argument states that Parliament was indeed powerful and contained vast opposition against the Crown. With two contradicting ideals, Elizabeth and her prerogatives over the matters of state (religion, foreign policy, marriage, succession and finance) in which Parliament couldnt discuss without her consent. Parliament having the contradictory view that it was their privilege and right to discuss these matters. The era of Elizabeth is a chronological chart of parliamentary opposition. 1566, a petition from Parliament over her marriage, Elizabeth ordered them to stop this debate because it was a matters of state, Wentworth reacted to this by saying this was a breach of the liberty of the free speech of the House. Elizabeth, strongly as possible; let this my discipline stand you in stead of sorer strokes, never tempt too far a princes patience, a warning to Parliament that they should not oppose her wishes. There were many instances in which the Queen had to rebuke Pa rliament for infringing her prerogatives, 1572 where a passing of a Bill concerning Mary Queen of Scots was delayed because Parliament were indulging in other matters, the Queen gave them this message the Queen Majestys pleasure is that this House do proceed in weighty causes, laying aside all private matters. Constitutionally parliament had not gained any extra power, but by their actions they had gained important precedents which was detrimental to the struggles of future monarchs. The impeachment of Wentworth set an important precedent, this proves to be decisive in James and Charles reign. The question of free speech within Parliamentary sessions, it is true that she denounced many of their debates over the matters of state, but many of these debates led to actions such as the monopoly abuse, in which parliament originally ordered an investigation, but the Queen stepped in and ordered it herself, reminding her dutiful and loving subjects that they must not entrench her prerogati ves. This again left another precedent in which parliament could directly form a constitution or redress a grievances by investigating it themselves. James inherited a Parliament with a new ideal and the means to follow this. Parliament gained new precedents from Elizabeths reign which they would use against James, as well as the rise of new power hungry Councillors. Parliament was seen as the standard bearer for common law, and they saw James as the potential enemy.James a king who entrusted upon divinity as he explained; Kings are not only Gods lieutenants on earth and sit upon Gods throne, but by even God himself they are called Gods.. Sir Edwin Sandys remarked in 1614 our impositions increase in England as it come to be almost a tyrannical government.. Within each session, parliament opposed James policies; such as the Unification of Scotland England, in which Parliament rejected because of their xenophobic attitude, the Great Contract in which James was willing to give up certain prerogatives in return for an annual subsidy of 200,000, but it was rejected, the attempted impeachment of Buckingham. Parliament began to extend th eir prerogatives and privileges. James enjoyed debates, which led to the rise of parliamentary power by allowing free debate in the House this led to a precedent to free speech. James argued that the

The Literary World free essay sample

An analysis of the literary work of writers, Hawthorne and Irving. An analysis of the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Irving and the descriptions that both authors use. The author compares Hawthornes depiction of the Puritan city and Irvings depiction of the country. The author compares the writings and different literary worlds of these two famous writers. Nathaniel Hawthornes novel 1850 novel The Scarlet Letter and Washington Irvings short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (published in 1819-20) are two of the most important and influential works of American 19th century fiction. Despite their many differences in form, content and style, they share one essential commonality: They both helped to create an essentially American style of writing that focused on subjects and characters who were undeniably and unmistakably American. This paper explores the form and style of these two works, emphasizing the ways in which these two writers each underscored the national concerns of his time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Literary World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Asylum Seekers essays

Asylum Seekers essays more embarrassment for Govt over Manoora asylum seekers the asylum seeker stand-off in Nauru is back to square one, despite what appeared to be a deal between Australian and Nauruan authorities. Earlier tonight, officials from both countries boarded the HMAS Manoora but a little over an hour ago, they returned to shore empty-handed. The lack of progress this evening is an embarrassing set-back for the Australian Government, which had earlier said it wanted to bring a number of asylum seekers ashore tonight. TONY JONES: Ben Wilson joins me on the line now from Nauru. Ben, I believe you've been hearing from the spokesperson for the Nauruan Government. What has he said? BEN WILSON: The take from what happened tonight, off the coast, on board HMAS Manoora, is that the group of asylum seekers they planned to bring ashore tonight weren't ready to leave the ship and, as a result, the Nauruan delegation which went out to the ship with the brief of ensuring that anyone leaving the ship was doing so voluntarily and the Australian officials came back empty-handed. They were preparing a landing craft which has been bringing asylum seekers to shore over the past week or so - it was backed up to the loading dock on the Manoora. There were minibuses on the dock ready to receive them. There was the obligatory crowd of curious Nauruans looking on. As the hours ticked by, it became clear that no-one was coming off. It indicates that there are problems convincing this group to come ashore. TONY JONES: Just to recap on what this deal means - the Nauruan officials I believe will ask each and every person whether they agree to come off. The agreement was forged this afternoon in discussions with Australian officials, after the scenes of yesterday where there were scuffles, pushing, shoving and yelling as 12 asylum seekers were brought ashore. The Nauruan Government quickly brought the whole transfer operation to a halt. It had said ...

ESL Lesson Plan for Short Field Trips

ESL Lesson Plan for Short Field Trips Short field trips to local businesses can help English learners begin to try out their language skills. However, it is a good idea to make sure that your students are prepared before taking these short field trips. This lesson plan helps provide structure to what can quickly become a rather overwhelming event without specific objectives for the field trip. This lesson is meant for classes which are held in English speaking countries. However, there are also a few ideas in the lesson notes on ways in which the lesson might be changed for short field trips in countries in which English is not the primary language. Aim: Developing speaking skills/practicing interactions with native speakers other than the teacherActivity: Short field trips to local businesses/government offices/other sites of interestLevel: All levels except for absolute beginners Lesson Outline Begin the lesson with a short warm up. Ideally, tell the students about the first time you did some shopping or tried to accomplish some task in a foreign language. Ask some of the students to quickly share their own experiences. Using the board, ask students to describe reasons for some of their difficulties. As a class, look for suggestions on how they might plan ahead to deal with such problems in the future. Inform students of the rough outline of your planned short field trip. If there are issues surrounding permission slips, transportation, etc. discuss these at the end of the lesson rather than at this point in the lesson. Choose a theme for the short field trip. If you are going shopping, students should be gathering information around a specific theme. For example, students might look into purchasing a home theater system. One group could explore the options for TVs, another group options for surround sound, another group blue-ray players, etc. Other tasks for short field trips could include: Gathering information on health insurance optionsTrips to the zooVisiting the local employment officePlanning a meal together by going to the marketVisiting a local gym to find out information on workout possibilities, facilities, etc.Visiting a local tourist information centerGoing to a local event such as a state fair As a class, create a list of the tasks that should be accomplished on the short field trip. Its probably a good idea to have already created a basic list on your own before class to get the ideas flowing. Have students break up into groups of three to four. Ask each group to identify a specific task they would like to accomplish from the list you have developed. Have each group divide their own tasks up into at least four separate components. For example, in the example of a visit to a large retailer in order to buy a home theater system, the group responsible for researching TV options might have three tasks: 1) Which size is best for which living situation 2) Which cables are required 3) Warranty possibilities 4) Payment options After each student has chosen a specific task, have them write out questions they think they should ask. This would be a great opportunity to review various question forms such as direct questions, indirect questions, and question tags. Circulate in the room helping students with their questions. Ask each group to role-play the situation switching roles between salesperson, tourist agency representative, employment officer, etc. (depending on the context) Follow-up In Class Here are some ideas to use as follow-up exercises in class or as homework to help solidify what students have learned on their short field trips: Create short role-plays based on their experiencesDraw up vocabulary trees employing new vocabulary used/studied during their preparations and short field tripAsk other students in smalls group to take their roles while they take the role of the shop assistant, employment agency personnel, etc.Short writing assignments summarizing their experienceGroup reports back to class Variations on Field Trips for Non-English Speaking Countries If you dont live in an English speaking country, here are some variations on short field trips: Have students take short field trips to each others place of business. Students ask each other the appropriate questions.Visit local businesses, but have students role-play shop assistant - customer/employment agency officer - citizen/etc.Take short field trips online. There are many sites that offer real-time chat. Have students take advantage of these sites to gather information.

Freedom Writers Film Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom Writers Film Analysis - Assignment Example In the movie, a neophyte teacher, Erin Gruwell, incited her students to make the most of learning. She introduced history in a different way, not only by taking pleasure in reading, but as well as by expressing students’ experiences, thoughts, and emotions in writing. In room 203 of Woodrow Wilson High School, during the fall of 1994, a new teacher, full of idealism, Erin Gruwell, met her â€Å"unteachable† class, as dubbed by the school’s administration. The class of â€Å"at-risk† teenagers was a mix of Caucasian, Afro-American, Vietnamese, Latino, and Cambodian students, who grew up in rough communities in Long Beach. Gruwell’s passion for teaching was challenged by Latino, Asian, and Black gangsters, who hate one another and tried to put every class activity into chaos. Instead of losing hope or getting mad, Gruwell listened to every story and sentiments of her students, in order to enter into their very soul and gain an in-depth understanding of their personality. Gruwell’s students have strongly signified their lack of interest to their teacher and her lessons, and even made bets on how long their new teacher would last in their class until an event happened that turned the scene into a character building situation. Ms. Gruwell saw a caricature of an Afro-American which infuriated her because of the stereotyping she has just seen is similar to that of that caused the Holocaust. Gruwell assigned reading books to her class to introduce the root-cause and morals of the Holocaust and required her students to keep their own diary. Many of her students revealed their own prejudices, grudges, and tales of abuse. Gruwell learned that her students are fighting not because of delinquent attitudes, but due to the cycle of grudges and biases prevailing in the inner city long before her students were born (Hoechsmann and Low 161).

Assessing the Cardiovascular System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assessing the Cardiovascular System - Assignment Example Losing weight might also aid in reducing medications required to regulate high blood pressure. If a person is overweight, then they should talk to their doctor concerning a healthy weight loss strategy (McArdle 45). The most appropriate manner of losing some kilos is through moving around more. This will help you burn more calories than you absorb through normal activity or exercise. Normal exercise, at least 30 minutes every day, can also aid lowering blood pressure, as well as strengthening someone’s heart. Maintaining a food diary or written record of a person’s daily food intake is the most appropriate way of knowing what to eat on a daily basis (Ross 108). Writing down the foods someone consumes, including the amount or size, can let you observe "the true facts" concerning someone’s food consumption (Lee and Nieman, 278). For a patient with an elevated blood pressure, he or she can start cutting back – decreasing portion sizes and calories -- to lose significant pounds and manage their weight, as well as blood

The Automobile Sector Essay Example for Free

The Automobile Sector Essay The automobiles sector is divided into four segments – two-wheelers (mopeds, scooters, motorcycles, electric two-wheelers), passenger vehicles (passenger cars, utility vehicles, multi-purpose vehicles), commercial vehicles (light and medium-heavy vehicles), and three wheelers (passenger carriers and good carriers). The industry is one of the key drivers of economic growth of the nation. Since the delicensing of the sector in 1991 and the subsequent opening up of 100 percent FDI through automatic route, Indian automobile sector has come a long way. Today, almost every global auto major has set up facilities in the country. The world standings for the Indian automobile sector, as per the Confederation of Indian Industry, are as follows: * Largest three-wheeler market * Second largest two-wheeler market * Tenth largest passenger car market * Fourth largest tractor market * Fifth largest commercial vehicle market * Fifth largest bus and truck segment The auto sector reported a robust growth rate of 26 percent in the last two years (2010-2012). The BSE AUTO Index outperformed the benchmark Nifty by 79%, 12% and 19% in FY10, FY11 and FY12, respectively. However, the sector has shown a sluggish growth of 12 percent in 2012. The trend is likely to stay with a 10 percent growth outlined for 2013 citing high ownership costs (fuel costs, cost of registration, excise duty, road tax) and slow rural income growth. Solid but cautious growth is expected over the next few years. However, from a long-term perspective, rising incomes, improved affordability and untapped markets present promising opportunities for automobile manufactures in India. According to Macquaire equities research, sale of passenger vehicles is expected to double in the next four years and growth anticipated is higher than the 16 percent achieved in the past 10 years. Two-wheeler vehicle segment is expected to show slow growth of 10 percent CAGR over the period of 2012-2016, suggests the report. The Government recognizes the impact of the sector on the nation’s economy, and consequently, the Automotive Mission Plan 2016 launched by it seeks to grow the industry to a size of US $145bn by 2016 and make it contribute 10 percent to the nation’s GDP. The ICRA analysis of the Indian market projects heavy growth for competitively priced sports-utility-vehicles or SUVs and two wheelers. A number of major global brands like Honda, Suzuki, General Motors and Hyundai have launched their products in the SUV segment of the Indian automobile market. An average of 11. 5% growth in the two-wheelers sales in 2004-2007 has kept a number of global companies interested in this segment as well. The market has been moreover bolstered by a healthy rise in the sales of heavy commercial vehicles, and the presence of a strong auto component industry that now ranks 2nd in the world. One of the best things to happen for the Indian automobile market in the recent years was its telling improvement in the export sector. There was a 56% growth in exports from 2003 to 2004. Although economy cars continue to hold the lions share of the export market, vehicles worth more than USD 1 billion were also exported in 2004, for the first time in history. This increasing demand for Indian cars on the foreign shores has helped the countrys automobile industry in two significant ways. First, it has decidedly contributed to the economic growth of the industry. Secondly, it has helped to improve the image of the Indian manufacturing infrastructure at a global level. This increased confidence has resulted in more and more foreign brands opening manufacturing units in India, directly contributing to economy and employment. With a number of foreign brands joining ranks with the domestic manufacturers, the Indian consumer is now flooded with choice. An average Indian can now select from a wide range of Indian and foreign products. Some of the major Indian players are Maruti Udyog, Tata Motors, Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, Hero Honda and Bajaj. Toyota, GM Honda, Daimler Chrysler, Ford, Volvo and Hyundai Suzuki are the key international players in the Indian Automobile market. However, despite the presence of foreign brands, the domestic companies are still the biggest players. Maruti Udyog and Tata vehicles share the top honors for passenger and commercial vehicles respectively. The Indian automobile industry is now riding high on success, and the bright picture does tend to obscure the problems and challenges that lay on the track of its growth. Poor road conditions, heavy pollution and large scale traffic related accidents are serious impediments in the way of the industrys growth. However, steps are being initiated by the government to address these problems at various levels, and solutions are being worked out at a steady pace. Indian Automobile Industry SWOT Analysis Job opportunities in automobile sector The economy is booming and salaries are zooming. With an increase in purchasing power of people in our country, Indias automobile industry has become one of the fastest-growing in the world right now. With more disposable income and affordable cars like Nano hitting the road, car sales have touched new heights. To capitalise on this opportunity, many foreign companies are expanding their operations in India. It is for this reasons that there are plenty of job openings in automobile industry. For the right candidates, the salary is big. Jobs are available across almost all fields engineering, research and development, finance, human resources, and information technology. According to the Confederation of Indian Industry, auto sector currently employs 787, 7702 people, 58 percent of who are in the passenger car segment. However, there is an increasing demand for skilled professionals in the domain of effective service delivery, spares management and support functions. ITIs and Polytechnics provide 530,000 graduates every year, but there is an urgent need for updating courses to keep up with changing trends in technology, manufacturing, and processes. 2 most popular career options for MBA (at top level) in automobile industry-: Marketing Head: How is BMW different from Toyota? A marketing head is responsible for building the brand of the company. He has to position the companys brand, promote it at both domestic and international level, then see its performance in the market vis-a-vis other competitors. Qualifications: MBA with specialisation in Marketing and minimum work experience of 10 years. Expected Pay: Salaries range from Rs 800,000 rupees to Rs 5 million ($111,000). Some major multinational companies pay as much as 10 million rupees ($224,000). Financial Analyst: A financial analyst plays a key role in preparing the companys business plans, and is involved in the vehicles pricing and suggesting ways to reduce cost of production. He will also evaluate the progress of the product and reports its financial performance. He will also keep a check on the performance of competitors products. Qualifications: Companies typically look for candidates with a post-graduate degree in commerce, or masters in business administration with a major in finance. At least an experience of 15 years is required. Expected Pay: According to a report in Wall Street Journal, the salary of a financial analyst ranges from $67,000 to $156,000. Upcoming trends India is emerging as a strong automotive RD hub with foreign players like Hyundai, Suzuki, General Motors setting up base in India. This move is further enhanced by Government’s support towards setting up centres for development and innovation. Tata Nano’s successful entry in the Indian market has steamed up the opportunities of growth available in alternative segments like electric cars, vehicles run on natural gas, etc. Factors that will drive growth in the sector * Rising incomes among Indian population will lead to increased affordability, increasing domestic demand for vehicles, especially in the small car segment. * Fuel economy and demand for greater fuel efficiency is a major factor that affects consumer purchase decision that will bring leading companies across two-wheeler and four-wheeler segment to focus on delivering performance-oriented products. * Product innovation and market segmentation will channelize growth. Vehicles based on alternative fuels will be an area of interest for both consumers and auto makers. * Focus on establishing India as auto-manufacturing hub is reigning in policy support in form of Government’s technology modernisation fund. * Industry will seek to augment sales by tapping into rural markets, youth, women and luxury segments.

Understanding Modernist Writing Essay -- essays research papers

Around 1906, modernist writing was used, but did not yet have a name. James Joyce was the first person to write in a modernist way. It was not until later that the name modernism was established. It was mainly involved with language and how it is used. Modernism is known as a result of the struggle families went through during a certain period of time. Many other authors use modernism in a similar way. To fully understand modernist poetry, a definition and a break down is needed. Modernism is better known as a reflection of historical events. During the time period of 1890-1910, many issues came about in society. Over these twenty years, Americans had massive amounts of change. For example, World War I was beginning and the Industrial Revolution was escalating. It was also the period when cars appeared and there were also massive cultural shifts. For example, John Steinbeck writes about Americans fleeing to California in search of jobs in the novel The Grapes of Wrath. Under a combination of historical pressure such as these, writers came to respect literature as an explanation for an individual life. Modern assembly lines emerged, producing material in mass amounts. Although less educated individuals were able to get jobs, they were treated very poorly. This period reduced the population’s self-confidence severely. Essentially citizens moved down in the ranks between 1890-1910. Modernist writing is known for being hard to comprehend. John Steinbeck is content with people not understanding his books. For example, The Grapes of Wrath is confusing because he claims it is â€Å"A book about the public, not for the public†. (Steinbeck 128) He writes about events that happened to the citizens in depth. Steinbeck is reacting to t... ...s, they have their own writing style which sets them apart. The large cultural wave of modernism emerged in Europe. The same wave traveled to the United States in the early years of the 19th century. Modernism generally expressed a sense of modern life through poetry. Modern life appeared very different from traditional life. It was faster with more science and technology. Modernism settled these changes. Modernism helps readers understand and looker deeper into a writer’s work. The reader is able to analyze and breakdown the authors story. The author also has a point of view which also can be broken down. For example, T.S. Eliot in the â€Å"Wasteland†, leaves parts of the story to the reader’s imagination. This gives an opportunity to the reader to create an opinion of there own. This writing style is more involving and it is different from the ordinary technique.

Spread of buddhism throughout china

Spread Of Buddhism In China Buddhism is a path of practice and spiritual development leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. It is a religion that was founded in India in the sixth century BCE and was brought to China by the first century CE. When Buddhism was brought to China and it gradually won over converts, expanded throughout China, and influenced Chinese culture as we know it. In spite of Buddhism's dissemination throughout China there were still Chinese people who didn't convert to Buddhism due to their strong Confucian beliefs.The Chinese had two vastly different points of iews about Buddhism. The first point of view of the Chinese would be anti- Buddhism. This point of view was popular in that of Confucian Scholars and officials at the Tang imperial court. According to document's 3, 4, 6 Buddhism wasn't religion that one should practice. In Document 3 an anonymous Chinese scholar asks readers , † If Buddhism is the greatest and most venerable of ways , why did the great sages of the past and Confucius not practice it? The Chinese scholar is saying that if Buddhism is so great why did Confucius or Laozi, the great sage of Daoism not ractice Buddhism. This implies that Buddhism wasn't that great of a religion after all. The Chinese Scholars claims are biased. He writes strictly about the bad things about Buddhism. It is one sided and only answers with what he believes are failings of Buddhism.According to document 4 Confucian Scholar and Tang official believes that Buddhism is no more than a cult. He states,† Buddhism is no more than a cult of the barbarian peoples spread to China. The speaker is angered that Buddha was being honored by the ruler at the time (Your Majesty). Buddha was not of Chinese escent, he was foreign and doesn't deserve for his body to be admitted to the palace. † Confucius said : Respect Ghost and spirits, but keep them at a distance! â€Å". The speaker expresses that he is ashamed of what Your Maje sty is doing and begs that Buddha's bones be burned so that Buddha's evil be rooted out of China. The Speakers claims are one sided. He is a leading Confucian Scholar and has strict roots in Confucianism.According to document 6, the speaker, the Tang Emperor Wu says â€Å"Buddhism wears out people's strength, pilfers their wealth, causes people to bandon their lords and parents for the company of teachers, and severs man and wife with its monastic decrees. † Buddhism goes against the views of Confucianism damaging the five key relationships due to its monastic decree. The emperor believes that Buddhism should be eradicated and that it is evil. His argument is one sided he even states that the Buddhist temples have reached boundless numbers sufficient enough to outshine the imperial palace.The emperor is fearful of his reign as emperor and his loss of power throughout China. All three of these documents escribe the evils and failings of Buddhism and why it should eradicated in china. All three documents are also biased. An additional document that would also promote anti- Buddhism would be a Journal entry from the father of a convert to Buddhism and his description on how his life has changed as his as lost sight of the way he raised man taught him the Chinese ways ot tilial piety The second point ot view of the Chinese would be pro-Buddhism. Pro-Buddhism views are shown in documents 1,2,and 5.According to document 1, the end of one's sorrows is through the Buddhist doctrine, â€Å"The Four Noble Truths. There is sorrow in everything if you have cravings or passion. To get over your sorrow you must release yourself from your cravings and passions and Buddhism will teach you how to. The speaker is Buddha himself and is one sided because others might not feel as if they have sorrows because they have passions or that their passions make them happy and not sorrowful. According to document 2 whoever serves the Buddha and correctly observes his commandments will at the end of their life enter nirvana.This is one sided because some people might disagree and say that there is no nirvana and that ou continue to be reincarnated even if you do believe in Buddha. According to document 5 Buddhism was established according to the demands of the age and the needs of various beings. It encourages good deeds, punishes the wicked ones and rewards good ones. This is not biased because not only was the writer a leading Buddhist scholar, he was favored by the Tang imperial household. He also says that Confucianism and Buddhism were created for the same reason and lead to the creation of an orderly society and they should both be observed with respect.Another document that would promote pro-Buddhism would be a speech from someone who converted to Buddhism and lost all of his sorrows following the four noble truths. The spread of Buddhism to China was perceived in different ways by the Chinese people. Despite these various perceptions it spread like a domino effect. To this day the Buddhism is still a major religion in China. The Chinese put their own spin on the religion and it has stuck ever since. Today it coexist with Confucianism, a future that didn't seem too bright in the first century CE.

Ap Chemistry Free Response Answers

1. (a) I, III, and IV are correct. II is not correct. To explain III, de Broglie's equation states l = h/(mv), so nl = nh/(mv) = 2pi(r). Where: l = wavelength, v = velocity of electron, n = some positive integer, r = distance of electron from center, m = mass of electron. Solve, get mvr = L = nh/2pi. (b) The current wave mechanical model for the atom states that there are an integer number of wavelengths in every standing  integer number (n). 2. (a) The first shell electrons in Lithium are the closest electrons to the nucleus. In addition, there are proportionally more protons to electrons.This pulls the electrons even closer to the nucleus. And in Potassium, the outer shell electrons are a substantial distance from the nucleus. There are a greater number of protons than electrons; however, the large number of electrons dissipates the effect. This is in addition to Lithium being a much smaller neutral atom than Potassium because of the difference in the outer shells. (b) The outer shell for Cl is the same as Cl-; however, Cl-  has more electrons being  attracted by the same number of protons. This weakens the attraction per electron. Since the attraction is weaker, the electrons are farther from the nucleus.Since the attraction is stronger for Cl, the electrons are closer to the nucleus. (c) Although the normal trend is for the ionization energy to increase going to the right in a period, aluminum has a lowered ionization energy and magnesium has a raised ionization energy due to the electron configurations of these two ionizations. This reverses the order of ionization energies. (d) The ionization energy increases each time an electron is removed because there are fewer electrons attracted by the same number of protons while magnesium starts off at a relatively  high value because it begins in one of the preferred forms.The second ionization energy is lowered because losing an electron forms a preferred form and because of this, this is a smaller than normal increase in ionization energy between the first and second ionization energies. The third ionization energy is increased the most because it starts in the most standard form. When you combine this with a lower than normal second ionization energy, you get a very large increase in ionization energy. 3. (a) As you go to the right of the period, there are more protons in the nucleus.The greater attraction makes it more difficult to remove electrons and first ionization energy is the energy necessary to remove an electron from a neutral atom. (b) Although the general trend is to have Boron with a higher first ionization energy than Berylium, Boron's ionization potential is lowered and Berylium's ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (c) O loses one electron and makes it easier to remove the electron and lowers the ionization potential. For nitrogen, it more difficult to remove the electron and raises the ionization potential.And since Oxygen's ionization potentia l is lowered and Nitrogen's ionization potential is raised, the order is reversed. (d) Na has a lower first ionization energy than Li and also a lower ionization energy than Ne. Ne has the second highest first ionization energy of all the elements. â€Å"1s2†Ã‚  is the most preferred electron configuration. â€Å"s2  p6†Ã‚  of other shells are also highly preferred. Ne has the second highest first ionization potential because it’s â€Å"2s22p6†. 4. (a) The type of decay expected for Carbon-11 would be positron emission. 116C -; 115B + 01e (b) The type of decay expected for Carbon-14 would be Beta Decay as well. 46C -; 147N + 0-1? (c) Gamma rays have no mass or charge, so they need not be shown in nuclear equations. (d) Measure the amount of Carbon-14 in the dead wood and compare with the amount of Carbon-14 in a similar living object. 5. (a) 23494Pu -; 23092U + 42? (b) The missing mass has been converted into energy (E  =  mc2). (c) A line should be drawn curving downward from the path of the dotted line. This will represent the path of the alpha particles which are repelled by the positive plate and attracted by the negative one. A second line should be drawn upward from the path of the dotted line.This will represent the path of the beta particles which are repelled by the negative plate and attracted by the positive one. The line should curve more than the one for the alpha particles. A third line should be drawn as a continuation of the dotted line. This will represent the gamma rays. (d) Incineration is a chemical process. The only thing any chemical process can do is connect radioactive atoms to other atoms, which has no effect on the radioactivity. 6. (a) As you go down the column in the alkali metals, the outer shell electrons are farther from the nucleus.The attraction for the outer shell electrons is decreased and because the attraction is decreased, therefore the melting point decreases. (b) Intermolecular forces de termine boiling and melting points. Halogens are all diatomic, which means they bond with themselves. In these diatomic compounds, the only intermolecular force is  London forces. The larger molecules can form temporary dipoles easier than small molecules. The larger molecules as you go down the column have a greater attractive force. This increases the melting point as you go down the column. 7. a) As radius increases the heat of reaction decreases. Which means less energy released by ionic attraction. (b) As ionization energy increases the heat of reaction decreases, which means more energy is required to form M2+ while other factors remain unchanged 8. Metals are good conductors of heat, generally malleable, and react by losing electrons to form cations. They tend to have â€Å"s1†,   â€Å"s2†,   â€Å"s2p1†, or   â€Å"s2p2†Ã‚  as their outer shell. Most metals have just â€Å"s1†Ã‚  or  Ã¢â‚¬Å"s2†. Nonmetals are poor conductor s of heat, brittle, and gain electrons when reacting with metals to form anions.Nonmetals have either 3, 4, 5, or 6 electrons in the p subshell in addition to s2  of the same shell number. When the last subshell is a d, the outer shell is s2  of the next shell. Occasionally there will be only 1 electron in the s subshell and this explains when the transition elements are metals. When the last subshell is a â€Å"f†, the outer shell is s2  of the second higher shell and this explains when the lanthanides and actinides are metals. This proves how more than half of the periodic table are metals. 9. (a) â€Å"you have not learned this one yet† (b) â€Å"F2†Ã‚  has the highest  electronegativity  and  electron affinity.Thus it has the greatest attraction for extra electrons. F2   +   2e -;  2F  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1   This makes the reaction more likely to occur. â€Å"I2†Ã‚  has the lowest electronegativity and electron affinity. Thus it has less a ttraction for extra electrons making the reaction  Ã‚   I2   +   2e -;   2I  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1   less likely to occur. Because it can disperse the charge better, the reaction does occur. (c) The trend for alkali metals shows a very small variation in reducing strength without a real trend. Cesium has the lowest ionization potential and Lithium has the highest ionization potential. However, there is not a great difference in the alkali metals.

Two-Factor Authentication Essay Essays

Two-Factor Authentication Essay Essays Two-Factor Authentication Essay Essay Two-Factor Authentication Essay Essay Harmonizing to the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council. verifying someone’s individuality online involves at least one of a few factors. These factors are the undermentioned: Information the PersonKnows This could be a username and password combination. societal security figure. a PIN they chose. or something else that the individual could cognize but others wouldn’t. Something the individual is able to PhysicallyPosses A good of this is the person’s ATM card. A more unafraid physical factor could be a usage brassy device with a key on it. The concluding factor that can be used is something alone to that individual merely. aBiometric Fingerprints and Rental Scans are illustrations of this. The difference between individual and multi-factor hallmark is that individual factor would merely utilize one of these. like a username/password combination. which could be easy stolen through a assortment of methods both local and remote to that person’s physical location ( keygrabbers. web whiffing. Trojans. observation. beastly force onslaughts. or merely loose lips ) . Multi-factor hallmark requires at least one other input. Therefore an illustration of two-factor hallmark would be holding to come in your username and a watchwordand besidesyour ATM card figure and security codification from the dorsum. or a fingerprint scanandcome ining your ATM card figure. or even all three for three factor hallmark. The FDIC feels that fiscal establishments should be utilizing two-factor hallmark. There have been a figure of recommendations made to the fiscal establishment industry. and most big Bankss and investing houses are now utilizing two-factor. The bank should decidedly be utilizing multi-factor hallmark. Two-factor hallmark will non merely protect their clients. but it will assist protect them against liability in the event that one of their clients does hold their individuality stolen. Since they are a little bank. budget will be a serious consideration when doing the switch to two-factor hallmark. A method that has been used in the authorities and military. and that is now easy accessible is the usage of a hardware consecutive figure generator. This involves the usage of a little ( cigarette lighter sized ) device that generates a new alone figure every few proceedingss. It is based off of a algorithm the bank computing machine knows and each individual has their ain alone seed figure. so each person’s Numberss are alone to them. When they log in. they are asked for a username/password combination and the figure off their hardware key. Harmonizing to the FDIC this is now one of the most normally used engineerings used by online banking services. Sing that the bank is little. the above suggestion of a hardware key that generates erstwhile watchwords is truly the best option. However. USB fingerprint readers are non excessively expensive now. and utilizing biometries like this could be an option particularly for concern clients. The top of the hardware key is that you can convey it with you wherever you go. but that brings up the downside that it can be stolen. Your fingerprints can non be stolen so easy. Either manner. two-factor hallmark should be implemented every bit shortly as possible to protect the bank and their clients.

6 Dos and Don’ts for Answering “Why Should I Hire You”

6 Dos and Don’ts for Answering â€Å"Why Should I Hire You† In an interview, few questions can throw off a candidate’s poise like the simple, â€Å"Why should I hire you?† After all, it seems redundant. What have you been talking about this entire time, if not the reasons why the company should hire you?! But while it may seem like a filler question, it’s one you should definitely pay close attention to answering. Here are 6 things to keep in mind as you prep for your interview.DON’T panicThe question isn’t a trap designed to trip you up and take you down. It’s a legitimate question that asks you to demonstrate why this job, specifically, is a great fit for you. Take a deep breath if you need to, and make sure you keep up the same tone you’ve been using throughout the interview.DO understand why the question is askedThe interviewer isn’t being lazy, or outsourcing the hiring decision to you; she or he is trying to find out if you can answer well and coherently after the conversational ba lance shifts a bit. After all, you’ve likely been fielding questions about yourself. This question asks you to jump perspectives and see yourself from someone else’s view.DON’T take too long to answerHemming and hawing makes you look indecisive- or worse, like you’re scrambling for reasons the company should hire you. You may merely be trying to phrase the answer in a sophisticated way, but any gap between question and answer looks bad. Have an answer ready to go before you even set foot in the interview. It’ll make you look confident and able to think on your feet- two qualities tested by this kind of question.DO research ahead of timeWhat does this position/company need? And how can you fill that need? Articulating that is the key to answering this question. Ahead of time, familiarize yourself with the job description- but don’t stop there. Look up the company in general, particularly their mission statement. It’s a win if you can c asually answer the question with something along the lines of, â€Å"I know that ABC Widgets is looking for someone to take their marketing in new directions that fit with ABC’s commitment to sustainable widgeting, and my 8 years of hands-on widget experience show that I have the connections and creativity to get this done.†DON’T rehash the entire interview up to this pointThis is not a question where you need to go into a detailed list of your education, your previous jobs, and your 4th  grade award for neatest desk and how it foreshadowed your awesome organizational skills. The interviewer was there. (Well, not in 4th grade, but for the earlier part of the interview.) He or she doesn’t need a recap, but rather a reassurance. Think highlights, not blow-by-blow: focus on one or two points that make you especially well-suited to the position.DO be confidentLike every other interview question, the interviewer wants to see that you feel comfortable fieldin g questions about your qualifications and your vision for the job.You know they should hire you†¦now it’s time to make sure they know why.

Becoming an Intellectual Craftsman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Becoming an Intellectual Craftsman - Essay Example The intellectual craftsman trusts their imagination, memory, and experience to craft an idea that will resonate through a targeted audience. A fundamental principle of the intellectual craftsman is that they are always functioning as craftsmen. Every waking experience contributes to their well of knowledge and catalogue of ideas. They do not simply work as scholars; they are thinkers that do not separate their craft from their life. They continually strive to gain new experience that they can add to their breadth of knowledge, while not yet being aware of how today's most trivial experience may contribute to tomorrow's groundbreaking truth. The intellectual craftsman trusts this knowledge, as it is the most important component of any truly original intellectual thought. Storing this knowledge for later use is all just a part of the craft. Becoming an intellectual craftsman begins with the amassing and storing of these thoughts, ideas, and experiences. They are stored as materials in the tools of the intellectual trade such as notes, journals, diagrams, and the most trusted corners of the academic mind. Once the intellectual craftsman has gathered their materials and tools it is time to assemble, disassemble, and reassemble them into a concrete set of ideas that have form and substance. Here is where the craftsman separates themselves from the technician. Becoming an intellectual craftsman demands trusting your imagination enough to stretch its limits and examine the subtle connections that bind your experiences into a cohesive unit. Developing the art, or the craftsmanship, is really just a matter of letting the imagination run free. The craftsman differs from the technician as the craftsman assumes the risk of imagination. As the imagination runs free, ideas combine, reinforce, invert, and create new strains of thinking. They form building blocks of ever-larger concepts until the idea becomes prioritized as a set of questions that need to be answered. The academician has expanded their imagination and constructed unique concepts and viewpoints out of the basic material of experie nce. They have become an intellectual craftsman. Just as a cabinetmaker needs a building to practice their trade on, the intellectual need an audience to ply their craft. Left alone, ideas are nothingness. Ideas only come alive and take form when they are shared with an appreciative audience that can understand the nuance and rigor involved in the process. This demands that the intellectual craftsman becomes a communicator. Becoming a communicator of academic ideas requires putting complex ideas and concepts into a language that conveys the meaning, while still remaining understandable by the intended audience. One does not become an intellectual craftsman by communicating with pseudo-scientific hyperbole that is designed to shade the meaning and mask the truth from the audience. Becoming an intellectual craftsman is learning the language of their peers and applying it wisely and with restraint. In conclusion, intellectuals create a piece of work through the systematic application of the process of craftsmanship. The process begins by gaining the materials and methods that are everywhere all around us. Becoming an intellectual craftsman means learning to recognize the importance of every experience and every idea without

The concept of the efficient market hypothesis Essay

The concept of the efficient market hypothesis - Essay Example Furthermore, the change in the currently set prices are would only arise once the new information would land into the market (Ullrich & Ullrich, 2009). The definition of Malkiel (1992; 2003) can be stated as the comprehensive version of the Jensen’s (1978; 1969) idea. Jensen (1978) clearly defined the market efficiency as the state of the market where incremental profits cannot be made by incorporating element of exclusive information in the trading strategies (Timmermann & Granger, 2004).Clearly, the definition put forward by the Malkiel (1992) has three points of emphasis for determining the market as efficient. First, the importance attributed to the information in pricing the units in the financial market. Second factor of emphasis in the definition refers to the capability of the stock market trader or the participants to exploit the exclusive information for generating additional economic profits. Finally, the yardstick to measure the efficiency of market with respect to EMH in term of risk adjusted return net of additional transaction cost (Timmermann & Granger, 2004).Unlike the definitions presented by Jensen (1978) and Malkiel (1992), the proposition concept put forwards by the Fama has many limitations. In fact, Fama was self well aware of the vague component as the fully reflect does not determine any standards for empirical tests (Guerrien & Gun, 2011). LeRoy (1976: 1989) was first to claim the lacking in the definition of the Fama and claimed that definition of the market efficiency.... The definition of Malkiel (1992; 2003) can be stated as the comprehensive version of the Jensen’s (1978; 1969) idea. Jensen (1978) clearly defined the market efficiency as the state of the market where incremental profits cannot be made by incorporating element of exclusive information in the trading strategies (Timmermann & Granger, 2004). Clearly, the definition put forward by the Malkiel (1992) has three points of emphasis for determining the market as efficient. First, the importance attributed to the information in pricing the units in the financial market. Second factor of emphasis in the definition refers to the capability of the stock market trader or the participants to exploit the exclusive information for generating additional economic profits. Finally, the yardstick to measure the efficiency of market with respect to EMH in term of risk adjusted return net of additional transaction cost (Timmermann & Granger, 2004). Unlike the definitions presented by Jensen (1978) and Malkiel (1992), the proposition concept put forwards by the Fama has many limitations. In fact, Fama was self well aware of the vague component as the fully reflect does not determine any standards for empirical tests (Guerrien & Gun, 2011). LeRoy (1976: 1989) was first to claim the lacking in the definition of the Fama and claimed that definition of the market efficiency as the repetition of same concept in different dimension. The criticism from LeRoy (1976) was also admitted by the Fama (1976). In addition to the criticism about the lacking in the presentation of idea, the first criticism about the idea itself appeared in the year 1973 by Shiller (Guerrien & Gun, 2011). Shiller (2003) pointed to the difference which is statistically significant about the true value and assessed

Worldwide trade.The advantages and disadvantages of free trade and the Research Paper

Worldwide trade.The advantages and disadvantages of free trade and the relative comparisons to fair trade - Research Paper Example Free trade is an economic concept in which trade between nations is opened up so that regulatory issues are minimized and equal opportunities for imports and exports can be experienced. The concept of free trade is dependent upon the idea that fairness will be established for those involved. However, there is a difference between free and fair, corporations finding ways to best exploit the lack of regulation in order to achieve the highest level of profit from the exploitation of resources. Free trade opens up the borders so that the movement of goods can flow back and forth so that maximum growth of a nations industry can be achieved. Free trade is established with the idea that fair competition exists, a mythological economic model in which all parties act in the best interests of all the stakeholders. However, free trade does have genuine benefits in creating an increase in industry in nations that are struggling to establish growth. When trade exists in a state where resources ar e more well utilized and allocated for the exchange on a global level, a healthier overall economy can be achieved. There are controversies, however, that come from the realities of free trade. People in the United States who are not in support of free trade fear it because they believe it represents losses in jobs and in industry through competition with nations who do not hold the same wage and environmental standards that are expected within the U.S. Defining Free Trade Free trade exists when respective governments allow trade across borders with very limited governmental interference. In a mutually beneficial agreement, the traders will find that they have comparative advantage and will achieve gains from the trade that have benefit for both parties. Supply and demand are the barometers from which the measurements of the amount of trade is divined. Free trade is a reflection of a global economy, each of the regions of the world benefiting from open borders where the exports and imports create better pricing. While this is the hope of free trade, this is not always the result. According to Irwin (2009), â€Å"Growing world trade has helped lift standards of living around the world, and yet today†¦free trade does not win many popularity contests† (p. 1). Free trade creates fears and insecurities about the availability of jobs and the sale of goods. When Japan rose in prominence as a dominating force in manufacturing during the 1980’s, there was a fear that the competition would wipe out a consecutive stream of businesses within the United States. Japan was competing successfully in the sale of everything from automobiles to super computers, diminishing the power that the United States had gained over innovation and industry in the previous decades. In the 21st century, that worry has been shifted to India and China. India is dealing in labor as industry is taking white collar jobs into that country due to the lower wages while China is exc elling at manufacturing, creating product that is far cheaper than can be created in the United States. One of the primary agreements that frames free trade in association with the United States is NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement. This agreement allows for free trade among Mexico, Canada, and the United States. The fears that were most associated with the agreement when it was signed in 1993 was that jobs would flow south into Mexico. However, the advantage to NAFTA was in abolishing the high tariffs that Mexico had imposed on exports, while the low import tariffs that the United States had maintained were insignificant (Irwin 2). This allowed for products to be exported from the United States into Mexico and increase trade flow southward. NAFTA According to Hufbauer and Schott (2005), NAFTA has been a tremendous success, trade

How To Develop Pricing Strategy For A Product Marketing Essay

How To Develop Pricing Strategy For A Product Marketing Essay This Paper tries to link between the first two components of a marketing mix: product strategy and pricing strategy. In order to help decision makers to define the optimum pricing strategy for product mix. Marketers broadly define a product as a bundle of physical, service, and symbolic attributes designed to satisfy consumer wants. Therefore, product strategy involves considerably more than producing a physical good or service. It is a total product concept that includes decisions about package design, brand name, trademarks, warranties, guarantees, product image, and new-product development. The second element of the marketing mix is pricing strategy. Price is the exchange value of a good or service. An item is worth only what someone else is willing to pay for it. In a primitive society, the exchange value may be determined by trading a good for some other commodity. Pricing strategy deals with the multitude of factors that influence the setting of a price. Table of Contents Introduction This paper will review each of the variables that affect the optimum pricing strategies of a product, the researcher will start with defining The product and exploring how product classification can affect the product mix decision in the firm, then researcher will study the product life cycle and how it can affect the pricing and marketing strategies during the different stages of the cycle. Secondly the researcher will tackle the pricing as one of the marketing strategies and what can affect the pricing strategy either internally from inside the firm or externally from outside the firm, finally researcher will define the linkage between pricing strategy, marketing strategy and the product mix. Problem Statement How to define the optimum pricing strategy for product mix as part of the firm marketing strategy Research Questions What is a product and how product classification can affect the Product mix decision for a firm? What is the linkage between the product life cycle and marketing strategy? What are the different pricing objectives? What factors are affecting the pricing strategy for a product? What is the linkage between pricing strategy, product and marketing strategy? Marketing Strategies Marketing Planning begins with formulating an offering to meet target customers needs or wants, where the customer will judge this offering by mainly two elements; product features and quality, and price. (Kotler Keller, 2009) Before a new product launch, marketers create marketing programs to maximize the chance of success. This is often a challenging managerial decision because, to set the appropriate pricing levels, managers must have reliable estimates as to how sales would respond to different levels of a marketing-mix variable. (JACKIE LUAN SUDHIR, 2010). The long term performance of mature product will be affected by the integrated marketing strategy including pricing (BERK ATAMAN, VAN HEERDE, MELA, 2010). Product Product is no more a tangible offering, but it can be more than that, Product can be anything that is offered to a market to satisfy a want or a need, including physical goods, services, experiences, events, persons, places, properties, organizations, information, and ideas. (Kotler Keller, 2009) There are many aspects of product development to consider. A product or service has features: function, appearance, packing, and guarantees of performance that help people solve problems. When designing a product, marketers should address the issue of product classes. (Smith Strand, 2008) Product Classification Products are classified on the basis of; durability, tangibility and use (consumer or industrial), where each product type has its appropriate marketing strategy. (Kotler Keller, 2009) Durability and Tangibility: The products can be sub-classified into three categories according to the durability and tangibility; where goods can be either nondurable goods, durable goods or a service. Nondurable Goods will be tangible, normally consumed in one or a few uses and they are purchased frequently, such as soap. Durable Goods are tangible goods that survive many uses, such as refrigerators. Services are intangible, inseparable and perishable products. Consumer Goods Classification: According to the consumers shopping habits; products can be sub-classified into convenience, shopping, specialty, and unsought products. Consumer purchase Convenience Goods frequently and with minimum efforts such as soaps and soft drinks. When the consumer characteristically compare on bases of suitability, quality and price, this is a Shopping Goods such as furniture. Specialty Goods are goods with unique characteristics for which a sufficient numbers of consumers are willing to make a special purchasing effort such as sportive cars. There are another category of goods that consumer doesnt normally think of buying such as life insurance which is classified as Unsought Goods. Industrial Goods Classification: According to the goods relative cost and how they enter the production process; Industrial goods can be sub classified into Material and Parts, Capital Items, and Supplies and Business Services. Material and Parts are goods that enter the manufacturers product completely such as raw materials. Capital Items are long lasting goods that facilitate developing or managing the finished products, such as buildings and heavy equipment. Supplies and Business Services are short-term goods and services that facilitate developing or managing the finished goods, such as maintenance and repair. Product Mix The Product Mix is the totality of product lines offered by a company. Product mix decisions involve varying their width, depth and consistency. Mix width refers to the number of different product lines the company carries. Mix consistency includes assessing the relationship between product lines in terms of common end uses, prices, distribution outlets and markets served. (Clemente, 2002) Before a new product launch, marketers have to create marketing programs to maximize the chance of success. In other words, they must forecast the market responsiveness to various marketing-mix variables. Although there is substantial literature on new product sales forecasting, there has been scant research related to forecasting marketing-mix responsiveness before a new product launch. (JACKIE LUAN SUDHIR, 2010) Determining the product-mix is one of the most important decisions relating to planning. Such decision implies utilizing limited resources to maximize the net value of the output from the production facilities. The quantity produced from each product in a certain time period results in utilizing certain resources for that time, consuming certain amount of raw materials, using certain labor skills and various production centers, and so on. The objective of the product-mix decision in the overall production plan is to find the product mix and the production program that maximizes the total contribution to profit/throughput subject to constraints imposed by resource limitations, market demand, and sales forecast. (Al-Aomar, 2000) The product designer should take into account both marketing and engineering considerations concurrently in a product line design. (LUO, 2011) Linkage between Product Classification and Product Mix In offering a product line, companies should offer basic platform of products and modules that can be added to meet different customers requirements, this approach enables companies to offer variety of products and to lower their production cost, therefore; each product line manager has to know the sales and profits of each item in his product line in order to determine which product mix strategy to implement, and to know which items to build, maintain, harvest, or divest. (Kotler Keller, 2009) Product classification has implication on how companies will formulate their product mixtures and what marketing strategies will be applied per each product mix, knowing at what class is the product along with well orientation of the product mix will be positively beneficial for both to the producer as well as to the consumers. The followings are some relations between product classification and product mix. (ADEOTI, 2010) Durability and Tangibility Classification and Product Mix: For durable and non-durable goods, there is a reflection on the life expectancy of the product. These classifications have strategic implications to the producer. Durable products are purchased infrequently and require personal selling. Perishable products need speedy distribution and luxury goods can be priced highly. Consumer Goods Classification and Product Mix: Convenience goods could be staples like food items bought on regular basis often by habit. It could also be impulsive items which are purchased, not because of planning but because of strongly felt need. It could also be emergency products which are needed to solve an immediate crisis. Brand Name would be very important for staple products while impulse products require a captivating packaging signal that will attract the consumers. For emergency products the consumers are less sensitive to price, therefore it is a circumstantial product. The understanding, of the buying behavior of the consumers for each of these sub-categories of convenience goods and the product characteristics will inform the producer on the appropriate marketing strategy options to be taken for higher returns. Shopping goods are bought rather infrequently and are used up very slowly. For homogenous shopping goods the prices should be relatively in the same range with other products in the same homogenous shopping goods category. For heterogeneous shopping goods consumers should consider the tangible features of these products and the associated services on offer before making a buying decision. Consumers are not usually sensitive to prices of heterogeneous shopping goods provided the product has some demonstrable advantage over its competitors. Promotional activity for this category of shopping goods should focus on pointing out unique attributes of the product rather than low prices. Specialty goods are products that have no acceptable substitutes in the mind of the consumer, where the uniqueness and superiority of the Specialty product stems from unrivalled quality superiority or design exclusivity. Specialty brands are what should be created. Producer should be encouraged by this superiority complex of the buyers and should not demean the quality. Consumers of such products are insensitive to price. Hence the mark up could be high for the targeted market, for unsought products, the consumer has no felt need for it. Many new products fall into this category, until their usefulness is known the consumer is not disposed to buying them. Personal selling and wide advertisement is required for unsought goods. There may be a need to even launch the product officially in the market place. Industrial Goods Classification and Product Mix: Installations goods are long-lasting products that are not bought very often. The number of potential buyers at any given time is usually small. These consist of buildings and fixed equipment. The producer must design it to specification and to supply post sale services. Accessory equipment; these comprise of portable factory equipment and tools. This equipment does not become part of the finished product; they simply help in the production process. Quality features, price and services are major considerations in vendor selection. Raw materials; these are goods that have been produced only enough to make handling convenient and safe. They enter the manufacturing process basically in their natural state. They originate either from agriculture or from industries such as mining and lumbering. Examples are cotton, man cue, crude oil and most farm produce. Fabricating materials; these undergo some degree of initial processing before they enter the product manufacturing process. This may be a relatively basic step such as changing iron ore into pig iron or wheat into flour. In other cases an ingredient may be completely prefabricated, such as an automobile tire or an electric motor for home appliance. The more complicated a product is, the more likely it is to contain both raw and fabricating materials. Facilitating goods; these are operating supplies that are used up in the operation of the firm but do not become part of the product. They are usually budgeted as expenses and have short life. The purpose of such goods is to keep the foundation goods functioning properly and to help in the handling and supply of the entering goods. Examples are lubricating oil; saw blades, cider forms and labels. The Product Life Cycle Product life-cycle (PLC) like human beings, products also have an arc. From birth to death, human beings pass through various stages e.g. birth, growth, maturity, decline and death. A similar life-cycle is seen in the case of products. The product life cycle goes through multiple phases, involves many professional disciplines, and requires many skills, tools and processes. Product life cycle (PLC) has to do with the life of a product in the market with respect to business/commercial costs and sales measures. (Niemann, Tichkiewitch, Westkà ¤mper, 2008) Product value and life are usually expected to follow the product life cycle (PLC), wherein products are expected to move from an investment toward a profitable mature peak that ends when the product is phased out. However; Christiansen et al assume that the value of a product is relational and that relationships between products and consumers are created, broken, and recreated. Value creation is a never-ending process, in that the product should be considered to be a process by which value constructions are constantly negotiated in actor networks. (Christiansen, Varnes, Gasparin, Storm-Nielsen, Vinther, 2010) Christiansen et al (2010) have concluded some actors that make the product timeless: Flexibility and adaptability that make it possible for the product to travel to new places and participate in new qualification processes and attach to new actors and be part of new networks. The ability to connect to different networks simultaneously as part of a network that stresses the high-end market attaching to the need for having a distinctive product to some, being a classical piece of sculpture-furniture to others and being related to contemporary artistic expressions to yet others. A strong core that provides the product with a unique and significant identity or expression, allowing for temporal interpretations or additions and modifications. Framing devices that help to position the product in settings that continue to present the product as relevant and useful in changing networks in a context in which others are constantly trying to get customers to attach to other networks. Serendipity-as fortune and misfortune cannot be accurately predicted or calculated when the out- come is a product of multiple connections over long time spans among potentially numerous human and non-human actors. Linkage between Product Life Cycle and marketing Strategies The product life cycle concept provides important insights for the marketing planner in anticipating developments throughout the various stages of a products life. Knowledge that profits assume a predictable pattern through the stages and that promotional emphasis must shift from product information in the early stages to heavy promotion of competing brands in the later ones should improve product planning decisions. Since marketing programs will be modified at each stage in the life cycle, an understanding of the characteristics of all four product life cycle stages is critical in formulating successful strategies. (Skidmore, 2005) Skidmore (2005) has divided the product life cycle into mainly four stages; Introduction Stage In the early stages of the product life cycle, the firm attempts to promote demand for its new market offering. Because neither consumers nor distributors may be aware of the product, marketers must use promotional programs to inform the market of the items availability and explain its features, uses, and benefits. New-product development and introductory promotional campaigns are expensive and commonly lead to losses in the first stage of the product life cycle. Yet these expenditures are necessary if the firm is to profit later. Growth Sales climb quickly during the products growth stage as new customers join the early users who are now repurchasing the item. Person-to-person referrals and continued advertising by the firm induce others to make trial purchases. The company also begins to earn profits on the new product. But this encourages competitors to enter the field with similar offerings. Price competition appears in the growth stage, and total industry profits peak in the later part of this stage. To gain a larger share of a growing market, firms may develop different versions of a product to target specific segments. Maturity Industry sales at first increase in the maturity stage, but eventually reach a saturation level at which further expansion is difficult. Competition also intensifies, increasing the availability of the product. Firms concentrate on capturing competitors customers, often dropping prices to further their appeal. Sales volume fades late in the maturity stage, and some of the weaker competitors leave the market. Firms spend heavily on promoting mature products to protect their market share and to distinguish their products from those of competitors. Decline Sales continue to fall in the decline stage of the product life cycle. Profits also decline and may become losses as further price cutting occurs in the reduced market for the item. The decline stage is usually caused by a product innovation or a shift in consumer preferences. The decline stage of an old product can also be the growth stage for a new product. Pricing The meaning of the price is broader than the traditional definition The price of a product or service is the number of monetary units a customer has to pay to receive one unit of that product or service. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) Blois et al (2000) have believed more in Hurt and Speh definition of the pricing where they believe that the cost of an industrial good includes much more than the sellers price, where they have concluded that implications of pricing is crucial to managers facing the pricing decision, therefore decision-makers have to consider the multidimensional view on prices. Additionally they have to recognize that complex pricing schemes may be needed, including a system of prices for different types of customers, product packages, and time periods. This observation is the essence of strategic pricing. Pricing strategy STRATEGY is the means by which an organization seeks to achieve its objectives (Adrian., 2000) Adrian (2000) explained how Strategic decisions about pricing cannot be made in isolation from other strategic marketing decisions, so, for example, a strategy that seeks a premium price position must be matched by product development strategy that creates a superior product and a promotional strategy that establishes in buyers minds the value that the product offers. Adrian (2000) then explained the relation between pricing strategy and the concept of positioning, where a strategy that combined high price with low quality may be regarded by customers as poor value and they are likely to desert such companies where they have a choice of suppliers. For most companies, such a strategy is not sustainable. A high quality/low price strategic position may appear very attractive to buyers, but it too may not be sustainable. Back to Blois et al (2000) where they highlighted how the price is also a component of the marketing mix and therefore impacts on overall sales via its contribution to the consumers perception of the products image. Pricing Objectives Marketing attempts to accomplish certain objectives through its pricing decisions. Research has shown that pricing objectives vary from firm to firm. Some companies try to maximize their profits by pricing their offerings very high. Others use low prices to attract new business. (Palmer, 2000) As per Palmer (2000); the three basic categories of pricing objectives are: Profitability Objectives Profit maximization is the basis of much of economic theory. However, it is often difficult to apply in practice, and many firms have turned to a simpler profitability objective-the target return goal. For example, a firm might specify the goal of a 9 percent return on sales or a 20 percent return on investment. Most target return pricing goals state the desired profitability in terms of a return on either sales or investment. Volume Objectives Another example of pricing strategy is sales maximization, under which management sets an acceptable minimum level of profitability and then tries to maximize sales. Sales expansion is viewed as being more important than short run profits to the firms long-term competitive position. A second volume objective is market share; the percentage of a market controlled by a certain company, product, or service. One firm may seek to achieve a 25 percent market share in a certain industry. Another may want to maintain or expand its market share for particular products or product lines. Social Objectives Objectives not related to profitability or sales volume; can be either of social and/or ethical considerations, status quo objectives, and image goals are often used in pricing decisions. Social and ethical considerations play an important role in some pricing situations. For example, the price of some goods and services is based on the intended consumers ability to pay. For example, some union dues are related to the income of the members. Internal factors affecting pricing Company objectives and strategies An essential ingredient of effective prices is their consistency with company objectives and overall marketing strategy. The realization of company objectives necessitates the development of an overall marketing strategy. To be effective and efficient, the companys pricing decisions must fit into this strategy, and be in line with decisions on other marketing-mix elements. Also, prices should not be set as an afterthought. Reflections on appropriate prices should occur at the time the product, communication, and distribution are conceived, because the different instruments of the mix have a synergetic influence on the market. There is ample evidence that the impact of pricing strategies and structures depends on the companies communication and distribution approach and on the products characteristics. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) Costs Costs have traditionally played a major role in pricing decisions. They constitute a basic ingredient for setting a price floor or lower boundary on acceptable prices. Cost Classification Costs can be classified along different dimensions. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) First Dimension First dimension concerns the degree to which costs can be directly attributed to specific products; where costs can be either direct traceable, indirect traceable or general costs. Direct traceable costs can be immediately associated with individual products, such as the cost of raw materials. Indirect traceable costs are not directly linked to, but can with some effort be traced back to, individual products, such as the cost of filling shelves is illustrative of this type. General costs, finally, cannot be linked to specific products, such as administrative overhead costs. Assessing direct traceable costs, and attributing indirect traceable costs, are important for pricing. Second Dimension Equally crucial is the distinction between variable and fixed costs. Which of these components should enter the pricing decision depends on the companys objective. For profit-maximizing companies, fixed cost may not affect optimal prices. Yet, for not-for-profit companies maximizing sales or participation subject to a deficit constraint, fixed cost may have a major effect on feasible outcomes. The companys time horizon also has a fundamental impact on the costs to be considered. Whether costs are fixed or variable depends on the time frame adopted by the company. Third Dimension Cost dynamics; where Short-term costs may differ from long-term cost levels as a result of changes in the scale of company operations. Economies of scale arise if the cost per unit decreases with the output level in a given period. This could be the result of the facility to share corporate resources across products, the use of more efficient (large-scale) production facilities, long production runs, access to volume discounts in purchases, or shipment in full carload or truckload lots. Experience effects are a second major source of declining production costs. Linkage between cost and pricing strategy As argued above, costs are related to price floors: they typically set a lower bound on prices. The contribution margin for a product equals its price minus its unit variable cost: if negative, selling the product at that price leads to a loss; if positive, at least part of the fixed cost can be recovered. While this principle seems utterly simple, the foregoing discussion illustrates that the determination and quantification of all relevant costs may be far from evident. The notion of costs as a price floor is blurred by product inter-dependencies, cost dynamics, cost allocation over channel members and company subsidiaries, and the pursuit of multiple company objectives. Yet, knowledge of basic cost components remains a crucial input to the pricing decision, and companies should strive for a complete picture of various cost issues. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) External factors affecting pricing AS well as there are internal factors that affect the firm, there are also many external factors that affect the firm that must be taken into account when prices are set. It is useful to consider these in four groups; first the characteristics of the customers themselves and then three aspects of the environment within which the firm operates. (Blois, Gijsbrechts, Campo, Oxford Textbook of Marketing, 2000) Customer characteristics Price-volume relationship (price sensitivity) The customers price sensitivity is usually measured by the price elasticity; the price elasticity is the relative change in demand (sales) resulting from a relative change in the unit price of the product. The price elasticity is affected by four factors; firstly, measured price sensitivities depend on how demand is quantified: market-share changes in response to price are typically larger than sales changes. Secondly, the nature of the price change affects elasticity outcomes. Market reactions to a regular price change may be different from response to temporary promotional price cuts. Thirdly, the level of price elasticity depends on distribution and communication, but especially on product characteristics. Products or services with a unique brand value are said to be less sensitive to price changes. Finally, price elasticity changes over the product life cycle (PLC). The traditional view is that price sensitivity increases as the product evolves over the life cycle, price sensitiv ity first declines as the product moves from the introduction to the growth and maturity stage, and then increases in the decline phase of the PLC. Individual consumers The traditional microeconomic picture of a consumer who correctly registers all prices and price changes, and acts rationally upon them so as to maximize his utility, has been falsified for quite some time. Consumers are heterogeneous in their levels of price search, knowledge, and recall accuracy. Consumers also differ in the location of their acceptable price range: they have different upper and lower price limits, different reference price levels, and different latitudes of acceptance around the reference price. A wide range of factors may explain these differences. Economic factors, such as perceived price differences, budget restrictions, and income levels, are a first source of heterogeneity. Search and transaction costs stemming from time constraints, mobility restrictions, age, household composition, and location, also affect consumer price processing and evaluation. Thirdly, human-capital characteristics such as time-management skills and basic knowledge may come into play. Fourthly, the level of price processing depends on the expected psychosocial returns from price information collection and product adoption, which are often related to culture and peer group. Finally, consumer traits like variety-seeking versus loyalty cause consumers to react differently to prices. As will be argued in subsequent sections, recognition of consumer heterogeneity is crucial for effective pricing: managers should exploit these differences in the development of pricing strategies and tactics. Industrial customers Industrial decision is believed to be more rational and based on more complete information. Price would, for example, be less often used as a quality signal in industrial settings. Other factors such as the importance in the total cost of the end product and the importance in the functioning of the end product are deemed more important determinants of the price sensitivity of industrial buyers than of individual consumers. Competitive environment In determining prices, the competitive environment should explicitly be accounted for. The level of demand associated with a given company price strongly depends on prevailing competitive prices. Moreover, in a dynamic setting, not only must current prices of competitors be taken into account, but so should competitive reactions. Competitive retaliation may attenuate pricing effects. It could even provoke price wars where prices of all market players are systematically reduced, possibly to unprofitable levels. Careful analysis of competition is, therefore, a prerequisite for effective pricing. Channel environment Most companies operate within a marketing channel: they obtain products, components, and/or materials from suppliers; and many pass their products onto intermediaries before they reach the end-users. The characteristics of the channel, and the (associated) reactions of channel members, strongly affect the nature of the pricing problem as well as the effectiveness of alternative pricing strategies, structures, and instruments. Legal environment In setting prices, managers must be aware of legal constraints that restrict their decision freedom such as: Consumer pricing regulations Governments can influence final consumer prices indirectly by means of VAT rates. They can also control prices directly by imposing price ceilings or price floors for specific product categories. Besides imposing restrictions on absolute price levels, governments can limit the freedom of co

Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Catcher in the rye Catcher in the Rye Holden and His "Phony" Family The protagonist, Holden Caulfield, interacts with many people throughout J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye, but probably none have as much impact on him as certain members of his immediate family. The ways Holden acts around or reacts to the various members of his family give the reader a direct view of Holden’s philosophy surrounding each member. How do Holden’s different opinions of his family compare and do his views constitute enough merit to be deemed truth? Holden makes reference to the word "phony" forty-four separate times throughout the novel (Corbett 68-73). Each time he seems to be referring to the subject of this metaphor as -- someone who discriminates against others, is a hypocrite about something, or has manifestations of conformity (Corbett 71). Throughout The Catcher in the Rye, Holden describes and interacts with various members of his family. The way he talks about or to each gives you some idea of whether he thinks they are "phony" or normal. A few of his accounts make it more obvious than others to discover how he classifies each family member. From the very first page of the novel, Holden begins to refer to his parents as distant and generalizes both his father and mother frequently throughout his chronicle. One example is: "…my parents would have about two hemorrhages apiece if I told anything personal about them. They’re quite touchy about anything like that, especially my father. They’re nice and all – I’m not saying that – but they’re also touchy as hell" (Salinger 1). Holden’s father is a lawyer and therefore he considers him "phony" because he views his father’s occupation unswervingly as a parallel of his father’s personality. For example, when Holden is talking to Phoebe about what he wants to be when he grows up, he cannot answer her question and proceeds to give her his opinion about their father’s occupation.. ‘Lawyers are all right, I guess – but it doesn’t appeal to me,’ I said. ‘I mean they’re all right if they go around saving innocent guys’ lives all the time, and like that, but you don’t do that kind of stuff if you’re a lawyer. All you do is make a lot of dough and Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers Catcher in the rye Catcher in the Rye Holden and His "Phony" Family The protagonist, Holden Caulfield, interacts with many people throughout J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye, but probably none have as much impact on him as certain members of his immediate family. The ways Holden acts around or reacts to the various members of his family give the reader a direct view of Holden’s philosophy surrounding each member. How do Holden’s different opinions of his family compare and do his views constitute enough merit to be deemed truth? Holden makes reference to the word "phony" forty-four separate times throughout the novel (Corbett 68-73). Each time he seems to be referring to the subject of this metaphor as -- someone who discriminates against others, is a hypocrite about something, or has manifestations of conformity (Corbett 71). Throughout The Catcher in the Rye, Holden describes and interacts with various members of his family. The way he talks about or to each gives you some idea of whether he thinks they are "phony" or normal. A few of his accounts make it more obvious than others to discover how he classifies each family member. From the very first page of the novel, Holden begins to refer to his parents as distant and generalizes both his father and mother frequently throughout his chronicle. One example is: "…my parents would have about two hemorrhages apiece if I told anything personal about them. They’re quite touchy about anything like that, especially my father. They’re nice and all – I’m not saying that – but they’re also touchy as hell" (Salinger 1). Holden’s father is a lawyer and therefore he considers him "phony" because he views his father’s occupation unswervingly as a parallel of his father’s personality. For example, when Holden is talking to Phoebe about what he wants to be when he grows up, he cannot answer her question and proceeds to give her his opinion about their father’s occupation.. ‘Lawyers are all right, I guess – but it doesn’t appeal to me,’ I said. ‘I mean they’re all right if they go around saving innocent guys’ lives all the time, and like that, but you don’t do that kind of stuff if you’re a lawyer. All you do is make a lot of dough and

The Dc Motor Speed Control Methods Engineering Essay

AbstractionThis paper describes the Matlab and simulink converts into actuality of the DC motor velocity control methods, viz. field opposition, armature opposition control methods and armature electromotive force, and feedback control system for DC motor thrusts and this paper describes mathematical modeling, simulation of DC motor system utilizing computing machine simulations Matlab and simulink, by this system response to alter assorted parametric quantities like system stableness, perturbations, analysis and optimisation of theoretical account parametric quantities with regard to the quality of control. If simulation techniques are used for finding the control parameters a simulation theoretical account is necessary, which has to be constructed from the analytical theoretical account.IntroductionDC Motor is an electrical motor and it most normally used in an electrical device for easy to drive the instruments, steel turn overing Millss, electric Cranes, and robotic operators due to precise, broad, simple, and uninterrupted control features. To command the velocity of low power DC Motor rheostatic armature control method were used. The basic parts of the DC motor are- axle, rotor ( armature ) , stator, commutator, field magnet, and coppices. In the geometry of coppices, commutator contacts, and rotor twists are arranged in such a mode so that when power is applied so mutual oppositions of the energized twist and the stator magnets are misaligned and the rotor will get down to revolve until it is about aligned with the stator ‘s field magnets. When the rotor reaches to alignment, the coppices move to following commutator contacts, and stimulate the following twist. There are variable types of DC Motor available in market with the good and bad qualities. Bad quality means slowdown in efficiency. To retrieve or halt this sort efficiency job accountant is introduce in the system. Brushed DC motors are most widely used in applications and its ranging from plaything to push-button adjustable auto seats. Brushed DC ( BDC ) motors are cheap but easy to drive. Brushed DC motors are easy available in all size and form with the broad scope from large-scale industrial theoretical accounts to little motors for light applications ( such as 12 V DC motors ) ..BDC motors are most normally used in easy to drive, with variable velocity and high start-up torsion applications.AimThe Fig.1 shows the parallels electrical circuit.ModelingThe circuit which was given is drawn in the Matlab by utilizing simulink. In the circuit diagram the flow of currentBLOCK DIAGRAMFigure shows the block diagram of DC motorTRANSFER FUNCTIONK/ { ( Ls+R ) ( Js+f ) +K2 }i? ±1/s Vapp Fig 4.1. Transfer FunctionState SPACE MODELAs we know that, V- .†¦ . ( 1 ) †¦.. ( 2 ) Substituting equation ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) †¦ †¦ . ( 3 ) †¦ .†¦ ( 4 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 5 ) Substituting ( 5 ) in ( 4 ) – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 6 ) Differentiating ( 6 ) , we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 7 ) Puting ( 3 ) in ( 7 ) , we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 8 ) Now †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 9 ) Substituting ( 9 ) in ( 8 ) , we get We know that x=Ax + Bu Y=Cx + Du X= The State Space Model represents by the additive equation and it is written as. x= Ax + Bu Y = Cx + Du Below figure shows the province infinite theoretical account ( Calculation is in appendix ) Figure 5.1 State Space ModelPHYSICAL SystemSee a DC Motor, in this electrical circuit of the armature and free organic structure diagram of rotor are shown in figure below. hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/cms/images/devzone/tut/mpm-2-motor1.gif Fixture: – DC Motor is a common actuator in control systems.Brushed DC Motor basicssA Brushed DC Motor consists of stationary fixed lasting magnets i.e. stator, a revolving electromagnetic i.e. rotor and flux, which is concentrated by metal. Rotor rotate by the attractive force of the opposite poles and repulsive force of the similar poles, it cause to bring forth torsion and torque Acts of the Apostless on rotor and so do it turn. As the rotor start to revolve or turn so fixed coppices make and interrupt the contact in such a manner that with the revolving sections ( commuting ) . The rotor spiral of the brushed motor energized and de-energized in such a manner so that the rotor start to bends. By reassigning the power to the motor, current generate in rotor spirals and therefore the North and south poles are reversed and because of the motor change the way. From the Strength of the magnetic field, velocity and torsion of the motor depend Figure ( 1 ) Brushed DC MotorPrinciple OPERATIONConstruction and operation of the Brushed DC Motor is shown below in figure ( 2 ) .for the building of the BDC motor ever the same constituents are required i.e. Stator, rotor, commutator and coppice. Figure ( 2 ) Simple two-pole brushed DC MotorStatorThe rotor surrounded by the stationary magnetic field which is generated by the stator and this filed is generated by the lasting magnet or electromagnetic twist. On the building of the stator, different types of BDC distinguish.RotorRotor is besides known as an armature and it is made up of one or more twists. Magnetic field is produce when they energized. When the opposite pole of the magnetic poles, pull to each other which is generated by the stator, and doing the rotor to turns. The opposite poles are ever pulling to each other. As the motor turns, the twists are being invariably energized. This divergence of the field in the rotor is called as an armature.Brushs and commutatorThere is no demand of accountant in BDC to exchange current in motor twist. The commuting twist of the BDC motor is done automatically. Reside on the axel of rotor there is a metameric Cu arms called commutator. Carbon brushes slides over the commutator co ming in a contact with the different sections of the commutator as the motor starts to turn. When the electromotive force is applied across the coppices of the motor so dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor. Brushes and commutator are the most of import parts of the BDC motor that are most prone to have on because they are the skiding portion to each other.Speed ControlThe Speed of a DC Motor is straight relative to the electromotive force. By utilizing the digital accountant electromotive force can be control and to bring forth the mean electromotive force pulse-width modulated ( PWM ) signal is used. In motor there is a motor weaving which acts as a low base on balls filter so PWM develop a suited current in the motor twist.AdvantageCheap in monetary value because low cost of building. Widen a life by replacing a coppice. Cheap motor and simple control. Speed/Torque is normal at high velocity. On fixed velocity no control is required, Controller is required merely at variable velocity in this status same accountant can be used.DisadvantageCare is required for brushed DC Motor because of coppice. If the coppice clash additions, cut down the utile torsion. Heat dissipation is hapless because of internal rotor building. Speed scope is limited because of the mechanical restriction on coppices. Life is besides shorter. Noise is generated due to brush. Application illustrations: traveling playthings, fans, pressmans, automatons, electric motorcycles, -doors, -windows, -sun roofs, -seats, sociables, nutrient processors, can openers, liquidizers, vacuity cleaners, toothbrushes, razors, java bombers, etc.Physical ParametersMoment of inactiveness of the motor ( J ) = 9.89 E-7 kilogram Nm s/rad Muffling ratio of the mechanical system ( B ) = 5.84E-7 Nm s/rad Electromotive force or motor changeless ( K=Ke=Kt ) = 0.008 Nm/-w Electric opposition ( R ) = 0.80 ohms Electric induction ( L ) = 0.00041H Friction coefficient, degree Fahrenheit Input ( V ) : Beginning Voltage Output ( theta ) : place of shaft the rotor and shaft are assumed to be stiffDecisionBrushed DC motors are really simple to utilize and easy to command, which makes them a short design-in point. PIC microcontrollers, particularly those with CCP or ECCP faculties are ideally suited for driving BDC motors.Refferencehypertext transfer protocol: //www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2009/09/26/circuit-diagram-for-dc-motor-control-by-a-collins hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN10513.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00905a.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orientalmotor.com/MotionControl101/AC-brushless-brushed-motors.html hypertext transfer protocol: //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00885a.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dynetic.com/brushless % 20vs % 20brushed.htm file: ///D: /matlab/index.php.htm