Cyber Crime Essay

Chapter I Introduction When did this new and insidious variety of crime actually come into being? One may say that the concept of the computer came with the invention of the first abacus, hence it can be said that â€Å"cybercrime†. It has been around ever since people used calculating machines for wrong purposes. However, cybercrime has shown itself as a serious threat to society for less than a decade. Before we plunge into the world of cybercrime, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of how the cyber world evolved. In 1981 Ian Murphy, aka â€Å"Captain Zap†, became first felon convicted of a computer crime. Murphy broke into AT&T’s computers and changed the billing clock so that people receive discounted rates during normal business hours, Ian Murphy was greeted with 1,000 hours of community service and 21/2 years probation. Cybercrime refers to any crime that involves a  computer  and a  network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a  crime. Net crime  refers, more precisely, to criminal exploitation of the  Internet. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding  hacking,  copyright infringement, child pornography, and  child grooming. There are also problems of  privacy  when  confidential  information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise. On the global level, both governments and non-state actors continue to grow in importance, with the ability to engage in such activities as  espionage,  financial theft, and other cross-border crimes sometimes referred to as  cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions, with the  International Criminal Court  among the few addressing this threat. Cyber crime is a growing threat to our societies today. EU member states suffer daily thousands of attacks against their information systems. Viruses facilitating stealing information from personal computers, spam, identity theft, and child pornography are increasingly widespread. According to recent reports, images of sexually abused children available on-line quadrupled in the last five years and half of all internet crime involves the production, distribution and sale of child pornography. The European Commission has cooperated closely with the French Presidency and the Member States in the elaboration of a series of practical measures to fight cyber crime. The new strategy recommends reinforcing partnership between the police and the private sector by better knowledge-sharing on investigation methods and trends in cyber crime. It also encourages both parties to respond quickly to information requests, resort to remote searches, cyber patrols for online tracking of criminals and joint investigations across borders. The strategy also calls for the setting up of an alert platform in the short term, where reports on crime committed on the Internet, such as posting of illegal content, in EU member states would be pooled for cross-checking by Europol. The Commission earmarked 300,000 euro for Europol to implement the platform. Vice-President Jacques Barrot highlighted the importance of this strategy by saying â€Å"The strategy encourages the much needed operational cooperation and Information exchange between the Member States. It gives a shared responsibility to the Commission, the Member States and other stakeholders to introduce the different measures. If the strategy is to make the fight against cyber crime more efficient, all stakeholders have to be fully committed to its implementation. We are ready to support them, also financially, in their efforts. † Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indecent exposure, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential harm of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of he younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. A minor girl in Ahmadabad was lured to a private place through cyber chat by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gang rape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued. Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the case of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus fi rst appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly throughout computer systems in the United States and Europe. It is estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide. In the United States alone, the virus made its way through 1. 2 million computers in one-fifth of the country’s largest businesses. David Smith pleaded guilty on Dec. 9, 1999 to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus. There are numerous examples of such computer viruses few of them being â€Å"Melissa† and â€Å"love bug†. Cyber harassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other. Persons perpetuating such harassment are also guilty of cybercrimes. Cyber harassment as a crime also brings us to another related area of violation of privacy of citizens. Violation of privacy of online citizens is a Cybercrime of a grave nature. No one likes any other person invading the invaluable and extremely touchy area of his or her own privacy which the medium of internet grants to the citizen. The second category of Cyber-crimes is that of Cybercrimes against all forms of property. These crimes include computer vandalism (destruction of others’ property), transmission of harmful programmers. A Mumbai-based upstart engineering company lost a say and much money in the business when the rival company, an industry major, stole the technical database from their computers with the help of a corporate cyber spy. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. History of Cyber Crime [ 3 ]. Definition of Cyber Crime http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Computer_crime [ 4 ]. Fight against Cyber Crime Vice-President Jacques Barrot [ 5 ]. Cyber crime against our society today

Emirates Airline

The Emirates Group is composed of airport services provider DNATA (the Dubai National Air Transport Association) and Emirates Airlines. Owned by the government of Dubai and based at the busiest airport in the Middle East, Emirates has flourished under the sheikdom's ‘wide open skies' policy, in spite of the restrictions placed on it by other countries. The airline, renowned for its luxurious in-flight service, was unique among long-haul airlines in that it had not joined a global alliance such as the Star Alliance or oneworld by the beginning of the new millennium. The Maktoum family led the tribe throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.Dubai became one of seven sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates, which was formed in 1970. Gulf Air began to cut back its service to Dubai in the mid-1980s. As a result, Emirates Airlines was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubai's royal family, whose Dubai Air Wing provided two of the airline's first aircraft, used Boeing 727s. (An Air bus A300 and Boeing 737 were two others. ) Because of Dubai's unique political structure, wrote Douglas Nelms in Air Transport World, Emirates could be described as both government-owned and privately held, though most considered it state-owned.Maurice Flanagan was named managing director of the new airline. Formerly of the Royal Air Force, British Airways, and Gulf Air, Flanagan had been seconded to DNATA in 1978 on a two-year assignment as assistant general sales manager. Chairman was Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, nephew of the ruler of Dubai. Only 27 years old in 1985, he had graduated from the University of Colorado just four years earlier (his degree was in political science and economics). Sheik Ahmed also became chairman of Dubai Civil Aviation and DNATA itself.Although he lacked any direct experience in the airline industry, Sheikh Ahmed embraced his new role, learning to fly a variety of aircraft along the way. As Lisa Coleman duly noted in Chief Executive, he was inde ed experienced in one area that would be the new airline's defining trait: luxury. The first flight, Dubai-Karachi on October 25, 1985, was a Pakistani connection in more ways than one. The airline leased the aircraft, an Airbus 300, from Pakistan International Airlines. Bombay and Delhi were the other two earliest destinations.From the beginning, Emirates flights carried both passengers and cargo. Emirates was profitable within nine months. During its first year, it carried 260,000 passengers and 10,000 tons of freight. The next year, Gulf Air posted a loss. In its second year, Emirates also posted a loss, before setting out on decades of profitable growth. One reason for the success of Emirates was its aggressive marketing. Another was the high level of in-flight service in its new Airbus aircraft, which it outfitted with generously spaced seating.Our Vision ; Values The principles which propel us forward A strong and stable leadership team, ambitious yet calculated decision-makin g and ground-breaking ideas all contribute to the creation of great companies. Of course, these have played a major part in our development, but we believe our business ethics are the foundation on which our success has been built. Caring for our employees and stakeholders, as well as the environment and the communities we serve, have played a huge part in our past and will continue to signify our future.Our culture of respect At the Emirates Group, we place great value on corporate citizenship and social responsibility and believe our business ethics are integral to our continued success. Each member of staff’s commitment towards ongoing improvement combines to maintain the competitive edge of our operation in global markets. We firmly believe our employees are our greatest asset and their contribution to the staggering pace at which we have developed can not be underestimated.Without them it would not have been possible and we acknowledge this with a range of excellent bene fits, including a generous profit share scheme, and programmes designed to help them fulfill their career goals. These principles enable us to attract employees of the highest calibre and have helped us become the largest employer in the UAE. We now have a team of more 40,000 loyal workers, many living far away from their own families, and we are committed to caring for them within ours.This dedication to the welfare of our employees does not distract from the fundamental economic role of our business – to reward stakeholders. While rivals have faltered under the strain of fluctuating fuel prices and the intense level of competition synonymous with our industry, we have posted profits in all but one year of our history. While we are focused on maximising profit margins, as a leader in aviation innovation, we are devoted to growing our business while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution.The billions of dollars we have invested in purchasing the most adva nced aircraft in production mean we operate one of the youngest and most eco-efficient fleets in the world. Our commitment to the environment extends to our interests on the ground. We take great pride in our involvement with the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, which is dedicated to preserving the natural and cultural heritage of area. The National Park, the largest protected area in the UAE and home to more than 30 species indigenous to the Arabian Peninsula, is considered the regional benchmark for sustainable development and conservation.Our green projects do not stop at home and plans are already well under way to create two of the world’s most eco-friendly conservation-based destinations – Wolgan Valley Resort ; Spa in Australia and Cap Ternay Resort ; Spa in the Seychelles. Company Overview The Emirates Group has spread its wings into every aspect of travel and tourism to become a leading global corporation in its field. With one of the youngest fleets in the sky and more than 400 awards for excellence worldwide, Emirates airline is one of two key divisions in the group.The other is Dnata, which provides ground handling services at numerous airports around the world, including Dubai International. It is also one of the largest providers of travel services in the Middle East and has been a household name in Dubai for more than 50 years. Propelled forward by their united strength, the two have evolved at a phenomenal rate to establish the Emirates Group as an immense organisation, spanning a portfolio of more than 50 brands and employing over 50,000 people. Growing from strength to strengthEmirates Group is always looking to expand its portfolio with strategic ventures that will enhance its commercial proposition, revenues and reputation. Among its many projects in development is a luxurious conservation resort in the Seychelles which will raise the benchmark in eco-tourism, as well as highlight Emirates’ commitment to protecting th e environment for future generations. Cap Ternay Resort ; Spa Set on a spectacular tropical island in the Seychelles, the resort will give guests a traditional beach holiday combined with a taste of the lush forests, towering granite mountains and wildlife unique to this Indian Ocean sanctuary.The senior management team To build a travel and tourism empire at such staggering speed would not have been possible but for the collective talents of a group of men who have each proven to be leaders in their field of expertise. Almost all of the executives at the helm of the Emirates Group have been with the organisation since its birth and it is their pioneering vision – combined with meticulous planning and brave yet calculated decision making – which has given flight to the fastest growing airline in the world and the Middle East's largest provider of airport and travel services.SWOT Analysis This part of the assignment will analyse the strategic position of Emirates Airlin e through the use of SWOT analysis. Based on the given case, the strategic position of the Emirates Airline specifically their airline and aviation position has been challenged because of the changing situations of the airline market. Rival industries of the company has been able to announced the establishment of their business approach in the global market which offers diversified airline industries to cater to the needs of the passengers, cargo and shipment services.The announcement of this company affects the strategic position of the entire Emirates Airline. In order to make sure that the company will not be left behind, Emirates Airline has been able to involve themselves into the expansion to technological developments. Strengths. As a competitive and globally recognised airline industry, Emirates Airline has been able to have strategic position in the global market. In fact, when Emirates Airline streamlined their business, it already had the advantage of size. The Emirates G roup – SWOT AnalysisDescription: The The Emirates Group – SWOT Analysis company profile is the essential source for top-level company data and information. The Emirates Group – SWOT Analysis examines the company’s key business structure and operations, history and products, and provides summary analysis of its key revenue lines and strategy. The Emirates Group is a conglomerate which operates through Emirates Airline, an international airline, and Dnata, a travel organization operating in the Middle East. The group is wholly owned by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government. It provides scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 100 destinations.The company has operations across Middle East, Europe and Americas, Far East and Australia, West Asia and Indian Ocean, and Africa. It is headquartered in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates and employs 28,037 people. The group recorded revenues of AED42,674. 3 million ($11,621. 5 million) during the financi al year ended March 2009 (FY2009), an increase of 17. 1% over FY2008. The operating profit of the group was AED2,573. 3 million ($700. 8 million) in FY2009, a decrease of 42. 2% compared to FY2008. Its net profit was AED981. 7 million ($267. 3 million) in FY2009, a decrease of 80. 4% compared to FY2008.Scope of the Report – Provides all the crucial information on The Emirates Group required for business and competitor intelligence needs – Contains a study of the major internal and external factors affecting The Emirates Group in the form of a SWOT analysis as well as a breakdown and examination of leading product revenue streams of The Emirates Group -Data is supplemented with details on The Emirates Group history, key executives, business description, locations and subsidiaries as well as a list of products and services and the latest available statement from The Emirates Group Reasons to Purchase Support sales†¦

Bombardier Case Preparation Essay

Bombardier is a successful company in the transportation industry. Bombardier has two divisions; The Aerospace and Transportation divisions. Bombardier Aerospace is the third largest designer and manufacturer of commercial aircraft in the world, and one of the leading producers of regional aircraft. The company encountered some challenges because of the company’s growth strategy by acquisition. The main problem was communication problems among systems which were different for each acquired company because Bombardier Aerospace became a â€Å"textbook silo organization† after acquiring with other companies. Addition to this problem, low visibility of inventory and lack of integration between its legacy systems was also important problem to the company. Symptoms of the problem were process delays, sequential activities, low inventory turns, supplier proliferation and price inconsistency, and multiple Bills of Material (BOM). The company found a solution for this problem that changing Bombardier Manufacturing System (BMS) which was the group of IT applications to support manufacturing activities to an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.  · First ERP Implementation: After $130million spent, first ERP implementation discontinued mid-project in 2000. Failure of this attempt: †¢Focusing the implementation on inappropriate business processes †¢An outdated company vision †¢A weak sponsorship model †¢Insufficient involvement of internal employees. †¢Employing too many consultants who having a limited knowledge of the business to assist in the project.  · Second ERP Implementation (BMIS) Project: In 2001, a group of senior managers authored a project for the BMIS in order to establish a new integrated manufacturing system. BMIS was the first project to realize a wider ERP strategy and a vision of an integrated organization, one company. It would support Bombardier Aerospace’s operations; would focus on the processes that supporting manufacturing, procurement, finance and the engineering data to support these processes. Issues encountered by Training: †¢ Lack of process documentation or system functionality for trainers †¢3rd party consultants prepared training material †¢Lack of user friendly, understandable training materials †¢Lack of information to employees about necessity of training †¢Lack of focusing on the roles (e-learning module) †¢Incomplete and somewhat wrong data for training †¢Lack of explanation of the wider role & consequences of BMIS. †¢Shorter training time than what was planned Issues encountered after Go Live: †¢Three weeks shutdown to implement new system †¢Lack of knowledge of user’s new responsibilities and roles †¢Blaming new system when encountered problem didn’t solve in a short period of time by support staff †¢Availability of old system (some managers encouraged employees to use old system) †¢Lack of implementing General Ledger †¢Not using reporting functionality by managers BMIS was delivered on time and below budget. After Go Live some issues considered and inadequate areas improved: †¢Initial training supported with additional courses and training material. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Day in the Life† training documents developed by management team and these documents improved user’s attitude toward the system.  · Saint Laurent Implementation: After second implementation â€Å"Mirabel† project, some of the issues were solved and improved. †¢The important of user preparation was well recognized. †¢Managers of the Saint-Laurel plant were convinced to own this project. †¢Everybody in the organization got informed about every phase and details of the project. †¢Communication among employees and management for the project got better. †¢Users understood the changes introduced by the new processes. †¢Attendance for the training became priority. †¢Users informed about their roles and responsibilities before deploying the new system. Recommendation: Bombardier needs to apply the best ERP implementation practices which includes; †¢Understanding of the project by management and users: Bombardier did it on Saint-Laurel project. †¢Planning project: Bombardier made schedule for all project and applied on their project. †¢Training: Giving training to users before implementing the new system, and continuing training after implementation to make users to understand new system well. †¢Utilize mapping data techniques and conduct pilot runs and testing simulations: Bombardiers implemented ERP system on one site at the time.

Attrition Rates in Call Centres and Managing Attrition Rate by Best Essay

Attrition Rates in Call Centres and Managing Attrition Rate by Best HRM Practices - Essay Example ers resign or retire and are not replaced (Dictionary.com, 2010) Attrition rate is higher at the junior level, and the retention rate after probation period of 6 months varies from 80 - 85 per cent. Factors causing attrition could be categorized as the factors inherent to the industry, social factors, factors relating to phase of the industry and other general factors related to all industries. A research through questionnaire survey has been conducted to supplement literature review for establishing the causes for high level of attrition in Call Centers and discuss the role of HRM in managing attrition with reference to the findings. BPO is a fast growing industry in the emerging economy like India and the contribution of BPO to its economic development is significant. Budhdwar et al. (2009, p.353) quotes, â€Å"†¦ it is estimated that India controls 44 per cent of world outsourcing business (NASSCOM, 2005a)†. According to Business Maps of India.com (2010) â€Å"The growth in the contribution of BPOs to Gross Domestic Product has shown a steady rise from 1.2% to 5.4%†.   It further states â€Å"Service Sector of Indian Economy  contributes to around 55 percent of Indias GDP during 2006-07 ...   the service sector witnessed a rise of 11 percent in the year 2006-07 against the 9.8 percent growth in 2005-06†. Chatterjee writes, â€Å"The annu al contract value added up to $ 290 million in September quarter 2010 as against $129 million in the corresponding period previous year, according to global research firm Everest.† The service industries in general are on faster growth track in the developed countries. Kollewe (2010) writes â€Å"The dominant service sector expanded at its fastest pace in more than three years in February, data released this morning showed.  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ A sub-index measuring new business in services increased to 57.5 from 53.4, the highest since September 2007. Encouragingly, job prospects improved in the service sector, with the employment reading

Transportation Infrastructure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transportation Infrastructure - Research Paper Example Due to this reason, users consult reliable companies which utilize the latest modes of transportation and technologies for efficient delivery. The use of latest technologies has introduced new trends in transportation industry and put certain direct implications on different actors associated with this field (http://www.transportationissuesdaily.com/technologys-role-in-moving-people-goods-quicker/). These actors include infrastructure (e.g. roads, highways, bridges, railways, subways, tramways, airports, seaports etc), modes of transportation (e.g. buses, cars, rails, trams, planes, freights etc), and functions pertaining to of transportation industry. Since users keep themselves continuously engage with new innovative services in all facets of life, therefore, by focusing on transportation infrastructure, this paper mainly describes the modern developments in transportation infrastructure and its ultimate impact on different aspects of transportation. Infrastructure is basically an organized physical structure which is established for a particular operation at government or corporate level. In particular context, the word infrastructure is used for transportation like roads, water supply, and communications etc. in other words, â€Å"the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions† (Fulmer, 2009). Similarly, transportation infrastructure is an organized structure which is utilized for the shipment of goods, commodities, services and even passengers from one place to another (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/infrastructure). The transportation infrastructure is the sum of all technical instruments and organizations designed to enable persons, commodities, and news to master space. Its format any given time responds to the complex of human needs, economic, social, cultural, ecclesiastical etc.

Stop Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Stop Smoking - Essay Example Apparently one of the top sellers worldwide are tobacco processing companies. Today and on the past decades, people around the globe felt the addiction of nicotine in cigarettes. Some say they smoke for leisure only, to consume free time, to look cool, or to have something on their mouth to ease salivation, maybe some of them fell to cigarette smoking due to influences by the people surrounding them, and sometimes they smoke only for themselves to feel belongingness to a group. â€Å"So why quit?† one common question mostly thrown by those who smoke to people who is convincing them to stop to. Most smokers, although there are some, do not know what they have been doing to their body and the nature around them by smoking. A person smoking needs to undergo smoking cessation, the process of discontinuing the practice of inhaling smoke, in order to be safe for several health risks and problems in public that may have been caused by smoking. In the U.S. one of five deaths are caused or related to cigarette smoking. The effect of cigarette smoking includes several number of health problems like cancers, lung diseases, heart attacks, strokes and blood vessel ailments, risks to women and babies, or even blindness and death (American Cancer Society). In the late 1990’s, the US CDCP (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) surveys shows that for every year spent smoking lifespan of a person is decreased. In males there is an average of 13.2 years of life that had been lost by smoking and 14.5 among females. However, people who stop smoking enjoy several health benefits and could live more years than those who keep smoking. Illustration from FakhriRamley.com The picture above illustrates the idea of a cause and effect. The text â€Å"Stop smoking or stop breathing† shown above provides the readers or the viewers the idea to hesitate to smoke. It somehow makes them realize something that may happen unto them upon continuing to smoke, death. The skeleton with a cigarette on its mouth implicates the idea of dying; it is because in general people tend to relate death by skeletons symbolically. It gives the readers/viewers the fear to die and hesitate to smoke. (Illustration from FakhriRamley.com) The colors used in t he above illustration were completely bold and compact. The black and white technique used was to provide emphasis and to conduct a direct focus on the part of the reader/viewer. When you look at the picture, you certainly give your focus on the lit cigarette. It strengthens the presentation of the topic which is smoking mainly. While the big letter â€Å"Q† above strikes the idea to the viewer/reader to quit. It is in a bigger size other than any of the elements found on the illustration above. It represents the range of the topic which is to stop smoking. What You Did. What Must You Do.? The above illustrations convey the presentation of the objective of the topic. The readers/viewers were driven to have the contextual idea or concept of thinking that continuing cigarette smoking could have a very strong impact to their health; that it could cause several ailments and health risks, or even death. The bold colors, sizes and shapes of the pictures provide strong impact on uti lizing the main topic. The technique used was to provide the facts and risks of smoking and to drive the readers/viewers to act accordingly in order to prevent those risks from emerging. Effects of Cigarette Smoking Cigarette smoking†¦ Raises blood pressure Suppresses immune function Reduces stamina May cause gum disease May cause emphysema Wrinkles your skin Very addictive Dulls senses of smell and taste Leads to depression and fatigue May cause heart attacks May cause lung cancer May cause DEATH The information graphics used in this stop smoking topic through the above pictures and table that describes the effects of cigarette smoking and the actions to be done to prevent its effects. Information graphics could provide critical thinking of numbers and analysis process without doing calculations and just

Smart Goals for Internship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Smart Goals for Internship - Assignment Example During my time in the organization, I worked as a marketing research intern in the marketing department. The marketing department performed the task of conducting market research, advertising, website development, email marketing, blogging and public relations. As a marketing intern, my job involved a plethora of duties, such as conducting consumer, database and media research, participating in public relations, email marketing and product management. I was therefore responsible for communicating with potential clients, customer follow-up, responding to emails, studying the relevant demographic information regarding the customers amongst others. During my internship period in Aboutsla, I had three major goals. First, I purposed to understand how the organization advertises its products and services. This means that I would aid in product management and brand development. My second goal involved acquiring in-depth information based on the target market. The action taken to achieve this goal includes participating in consumer, and business to business market research in the company. My third goal involves acquiring the relevant skills for conducting both qualitative and quantitative market research. In order to achieve this goal, I would be required to actively participate in the departmental activities, for example, helping to compile and prioritize product features, conducting media research and participate in the formation of strategies geared at reaching the target consumers. â€Æ' The overall goal statement is to acquire the relevant skills and knowledge necessary to conduct market research, identify target consumers, product development and management of current consumers so as to achieve the organizations goals. As an intern, the achievement of the set goals will be determined by my proficiency in the carrying out of the responsibilities imparted on a market researcher. For example, when I am able to gather and analyse

MARKETING ENVIRONMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

MARKETING ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example The political environment gives the political conditions, the government restrictions, relations between two countries etc which help or hamper the growth of the industry (Dev, 2005). The economic environment refers of the economy of the country and how supportive the economic conditions are for the growth of the industry. The social environment is actually the consumers’ demographics, their tastes, preferences, religion and preferences etc. which influence the industry. The technological advancements also play a major role in the industry’s growth factor. According to Kotler, (2003, p.690), then there are the legal factors which comprise of the laws and legal matters around the industry and lastly the ecological factors which relate to the environment and how it is affected by the industry. The SWOT analysis gives the threats and opportunities coming from the external environment and the strengths and weaknesses that exist in the internal environment of the firm/industry (Cooper, R 1986). Once this analysis has been conducted, the problem areas can be identified easily and these problems may be overcome using the strengths and opportunities and thus strategies are devised using the TOWS matrix. It is better to use a mixture of analysis than using just one model (Kotler, 2003, p.695). There has been a rapid advancement in technology and businesses have grown because of it. The internet is now easily available and thus trends have been changing where shopping is concerned. With the internet shoppers can easily shop online from the convenience of their homes and offices and do not have to go out for shopping (Plunkett Research, 2007). With the help of such technology, more consumers can be reached and the shopping can be conducted globally and in every part of the world. Also, with the advancement of technology, processes have become faster and consumer profiles can be maintained which enables targeted and focused marketing

Born Blue by Han Nolan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Born Blue by Han Nolan - Essay Example They have access to health care, educational opportunities and decent food and lodgings. The poor are not so lucky. If you are born into poverty you are likely to have to fight for your right to have a roof over your head and food to eat. Healthcare is a joke and many of the schools in the poor districts have become urban ghettos where drive by shootings, muggings and fear rule the playground. Is this a bleak prediction for the future of America? Are things just going to get worse? Not necessarily. The problem is that the initiatives that are put in place by the government to help the poor in terms of affordable housing, access to health care and a decent education are aimed at the masses; when in fact it is on an individual level that things have to change. The baby born into the slums needs to be encouraged that they can better themselves. They need to be encouraged to dream and dream big. Because although the opportunities to succeed are a lot more hidden than they used to be, they are still there. "The whole time I lived with Patsy and Pete and Harmon and the babies that come an go, I loved Harmon and the ladies most, and almost everyday I lived there, which lasted almost three years, wed go to the basement and listen to the ladies sing. But Harmon didnt dance and I didnt sing. We was too scared to get the strap. Wed lay on the sour rug and dream we was singin and dancin, and I had me a stack of bread on a plate by my side for when I got so hungry I thought I would die". (Janie, aged 6, p. 6, Kindle edition) Dreaming – it is the one thing in life that is free. When Janie was little and living in the foster home she met up with her only friend, Harmon, who had old cassette tapes of some of the old time singers – Aretha Franklin and women like that. Janie and Harmon used to listen to the tapes to help them escape their reality – little food, harsh caregivers, neglect and drugged up parents. The problem is that

Property Cycle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Property Cycle - Research Paper Example Recent studies have shown that fluctuations in property cycle produces economic adversity to certain areas such as property, finance, socio-economic performance and have profound international impacts (Cedic Pugh and Alireza, 2001). The recent economic and financial crisis developed in ASEAN countries on the overheated property investments is suspected to be the main cause for this. Though valuation theorists traditionally ignored cycles arising from the predictability of this area of study in their valuation frameworks and models, similar to that of many social sciences (Born and Pyhrr, 1994; Pyhrr, Born, Robinson and Lusac, 1996), many studies support the relevancy of these cycles, for instance Institution of Charted Quantity Surveyor of United kingdom prepared a printed document for its members specifically addressing the practical implication of Britain's property cycles. Stepen A. Pyhrr, Stephen E. Roulac and Waldo L. Born (1999) tracing back to the happenings of early 1930s, provided a fairy exhaustive review and laid a good foundation for the body of knowledge of development of property cycles. Figure 2 represents a briefed summary of their work. Nikolai Kondratiett in 1928 noticed severe economic depressions in Russian economy that occurred regularly at 45 to 60 year span. These depressions followed by another long surge of business activities resulted in new peaks of economic outputs and prosperities (Stoken, 1993, cited in Stephen et al 1999). Depressions of this nature often referred to as recessions seemed to occur during 25 to 35 year up cycle period. Similarly in the west, Mitchell (1927, cited in Stephen et al 1999) suggested theoretical foundation and provided an empirical evidence for cyclical economic activities in U.S... Further works of many writers such as Schumpeter, Forrester and Rostow added more potency to this idea. Other highly noticeable studies on cycles came from Roy Wenzlick who studied the long cycles of

Leadership Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Leadership Development - Research Paper Example However, with the presence of globalization in the business environment, increases in available job opportunities in multiple industries, and internal business needs for multi-talented workers to maintain competitive advantages, many organizations had little choice but to break-down autocratic management systems if organizational managers desired to gain employee commitment, loyalty and retention. This is the foundation of modern leadership, an evolution from command-and-control management that ultimately became rather ineffective in the late 20th Century. Leadership is a type of social persuasion which allows a manager to seek support and assistance from employees in the pursuit of attaining positive results with common projects and objectives (Nickels, McHugh & McHugh, 2008; Chamers, 1997). Leadership is an influential individual within the organization that creates a mission, coaches others, builds positive social relationships, and ultimately maintaining competency that allows for group organization and team-working. Leadership, as opposed to traditional management practices, is now a fundamental aspect of contemporary human resources systems and the method by which organizations guarantee higher levels of job satisfaction and intention to stay with the company. However, it should be recognized that not all individuals in the professional environment maintain the skills and competencies to become effective leaders. Therefore, organizations must identify potential strategies and procedures to develop leaders with the aptitude and capability to gain employee followership. To be an effective leader means developing skills that promote a genuine willingness to follow the direction of leaders within employees, a talent that is multi-faceted and complex based on psychological and sociological attributes and behaviors of employees. Furthermore, not all leadership

The Bad Effects of the Internet Development Essay Example for Free

The Bad Effects of the Internet Development Essay An American writer, Rick Warren said, â€Å"I just think the Internet has made us ruder.† What do you think of his words? Modern society is the information-oriented society. Everything changes quickly with numerous information, and people do their ordinary things such as doing homework, chatting with friends, making documents in the workplace, or even making food deliveries with their computers. All these things could be possible because of the advent of the internet. Then, when did the internet start to be used in South Korea? In 1982, the internet was introduced first when System Development Network (SDN) between Seoul National University and the laboratory of electronic communication was connected. After that, the e-mail service which was connected to the United States and Europe was provided, and in 1990 the time of the internet had begun (Ahn and Kim 91). Since then, the internet has developed dramatically. According to Korea Internet and Security Agency, the number of people over three-year-old using the internet has increased about 30 million people from 1999 to 2011 (KISA ISIS). Nowadays, whoever, wherever people are, and whichever the equipment one person has such as personal computers, laptop computers, tablet pc or smartphones, the internet is accessible and available to everybody. The internet made people utilizing hundreds of information freely, enable to interact worldwide, and made people’s lives more convenient. However, there are several negative effects caused by the development of the internet as much as the positive effects. There are three bad effects as a result of the development of the internet in South Korea: the internet addiction, people’s moral paralysis and communication breakdown. First of all, as a result of the development of the Internet, there are problems of internet addiction. Internet addiction is defined as the state of being unable to live daily life because of people’s excessive internet use or being unable to control themselves from using the internet. People are addicted to the internet game, chatting, searching the information, or pornography, so they cannot live ordinary lives as students, sons or daughters, and as workers. According to the research of Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, the rate of internet addiction has increased continuously, and 52% of 1,035,000 internet addicts are children and teenagers. The rate of addiction is 14.3% and the number of their rates are  two times more than adults. In addition, the socially vulnerable class such as children of one-parent families and children who are handicapped are even worse, higher as five to eight percent than those who are in ordinary families (Wu). It is one of the biggest effects the internet has caused because it is not just only an individual problem but also it causes the social costs. In 2010, the total social costs was estimated about 2.2 trillion won maximum including the costs of facilities providing pc service, the costs of cure and counseling for addicts and indirect costs which was caused by losing the opportunities of learning (Wu). The internet addiction is a serious problem because it affects teenagers much more. They are not adults yet and very easy to be influenced by provocative things. So, the internet which is full of exciting and sensational things could lead people to be addicted and made teenagers grow as adults not properly. Second, as a result of the development of the Internet, there has been people’s moral paralysis. Under the concept of the anonymity, people gradually do immoral behaviors such as writing aggressive, malicious and hateful comments to other people’s posts, sharing things or data illegally that has the right of ownership and distributing other people’s false information. There were many celebrities of South Korea who committed suicide because of the bad comments for about last few years. In this year, Korean singer, Son Ho Young who was used to be a member of the most famous group, â€Å"GOD,† attempted suicide in May (Jo). It was because he was blamed of his previous girlfriend’s suicide. Until he attempted it, so many people on the internet made him a shameless person and wrote comments aggressively on the articles about him. Also, a new word, â€Å"Il Be,† which is actually the abbreviated form of the community site emerged as a way of expres sing specific people who made malicious and dreadful comments to particular people such as some women and those who are from Jeolla Province. They are even called, â€Å"Il Be roundworm,† because of their shocking behaviors. Until recently, they are making noises on the society of South Korea. Besides, we can see many cases that data and information with property rights are illegally shared and distributed to a lot of people. There are hundreds of P2P sites providing free files of music, movies, publication with the rights of ownership. It could not be solved only by cracking down. According to the  Ministry of Culture and Tourism, even they imposed fine those P2P sites, but it was temporary and returned to former state (Jung). It is because people regard illegal if we steal some goods for sale in a real-world, but in the virtual reality they do not regard downloading and uploading data with property rights as illegal. The development of the internet has caused the invasion of privacy as well by distributing personal information and false data. We can search huge amounts of information via the internet, and even we can easily find what we wrote on the internet few years ago just by typing ID in the sea rch engine. However, using these advantages of the internet, there are problems of personal information leakage. Many people are having trouble in leaking their private information that lots of spam mails and text messages are sent to them with the illegally opened information such as individuals’ e-mail addresses and phone numbers. A lot of celebrities in Korea are suffered by the false information. These are because people’s morality was paralyzed as a result of rapid development of the internet. They are being confused, getting numb of great deal of information and takes for granted that blaming others on the internet and getting information for free without hesitation. Lastly, as a result of the development of the Internet, there has been the breakdown of communication. As the internet has developed rapidly in Korea, a generational gap was made between older people and young people. While the young are getting used to using the internet easily, older people are not. The internet made generational difference and be unable to talk each other. So the communication between older people and young people has decreased. Also, in the family, or even among friends there is not enough communication. Sons and daughters are not trying to talk with their parents and other family members when they are at home, chatting with friends with their computers or smartphones. Many people use Social Network Service (SNS) such as Facebook or Twitter and have a short talk and comments at open posts but do not have earnest conversations among friends and families. Even they are with friends beside, they chat with their smartphones using the mobile internet service, KakaoTal k. It would the biggest negative effect that the internet has made because even though the internet made the society not only more efficient and convenient but hard-hearted and less conversation. In conclusion, as the internet has developed so much in Korea, many people are addicted to the internet, people’s morality is getting cracked, and lots of people are having broken down on real-world communication. The addiction problem affected individuals and the Korea’s society both. Numerous people on the internet are paralyzed of their morality making bad comments, sharing other people’s information illegally and distributing others’ private or wrong information. Also, there is breakdown of communication in generational and real world. Although we are living conveniently in a well-developed society with hundreds of information and having benefits thanks to the internet, there are always two sides to the coin. There are also some negative effects because of the development of the internet. Therefore, we should make the best use of the positive sides of the Internet and try to solve and reduce the negative effects of the Internet.

History of Abstract Art Movement

History of Abstract Art Movement In order to explore the best way to present abstraction in works, I will review almost a hundred year history and theories, which developed during those periods, then I will analyze the detail of a couple of abstract artists who have had significant influence on me. Through this review and analysis of abstract art, I believe I can find a factor for successful abstract art works, and a fundamental element on which abstract will be kept alive and achieve further development in the future. These fundamental elements and criteria of abstraction are also the issues I am trying to explore and present in my own works. I want to start with the definition of abstract art, Herbert Read gave the following definition in practice we call abstract all works of art which, though they may start from the artists awareness of an object in the external world, proceed to make a self-consistent and independent aesthetic unity in no sense relying on an objective equivalent (Read, 1936: 150). From the point of view of the definition above, abstract art first emerged between 1910 and 1920, evolving throughout the 20th, there is no particular moment when abstract art was born, and the form of the abstraction can be found in the earliest peoples with symbolic or present objective by signs in pottery, picture in textiles and rock, it is made of line and circle, It is showing the certain communication of abstract. The abstraction in aesthetic could also be traced back to Plato, who in his dialogue philebus said I do not mean by beauty of form such beauty as that of animals and pictures but understand me to mean straight lines and circles, and the plane or solid figures which are formed out of them by turning-lathes and rulers and measures of angles; for these I affirm to be not only relatively and absolutely beautiful.'(Jowett,1907: 191). However, the element of abstraction applied in painting was found in the painting Grainstack by Claude Monet, founder of French Impressionism. Between the mid-nineteenth century and early twentieth, France was the undoubted art centre of the west, French impressionism was the origin of initial abstraction, the subject became less important than before, As Paul Gauguin said, Do not paint too much after nature. Art is an abstraction; derive this abstraction from nature while dreaming before it, and think more of the creation which will result than nature.'(Gauguin,1888: 60). Vincent van Gogh was inspired about by abstraction from music, he regarded music as a self-contained language without reference. This point may help me understand the application of colour in painting, a more general development of abstract art, an art that should deal with colours as music does with sound. (Santayana, 1955: 47). Those practices by the impressionist artists had a comprehensive impact on 20th centur y art, which broke the rules of academic painting, and focused on visual effects instead of details, this led to the advent of abstraction in art. Impressionism was reinforced by symbolism and other art movements, and this developed abstraction. Maurice Denis, a French symbolism painter, he is also a writer he said in his proposal: Remember that a picture, before being a battle horse, a nude, an anecdote or whatnot, is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in a certain order (Chipp,1968: 94).His theories have fundamental contribute to the cubism and fauvism. Those art movements also took the process of abstract art further. There are other new models among the other arts not just the form of art traditional painting and sculpture, which affect the development of abstraction in this period. I have mentioned music above, which was respected by visual artists and critics. Architecture can also be seen as a model of application and abstraction in Bauhaus. Poetry, in particular is worth mentioning in relation to abstraction, Arthur Rimbaud and Stà ©phane Mallarmà ©, the symbolist poets are well known for finding relationship between the linguistic sign, reality and coded meaning. Those two symbolism poets have common ground in abstraction with the pioneers of abstract art Wassily Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian who will be discussed later, all four poets and painters in respective art forms provoked awareness of the problematic nature of the relation between sign and object (Reynolds, 1995: 1) The pioneers of abstraction were Wasily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich and Piet Mondrian two Russians and a Dutchman. They relied less on the form of the uncertain, and more on universal values, based on philosophical or mystical doctrines. It is worth mentioning before talking about those pioneers that the German historian Wilhelm Worringers doctoral dissertation Abstraction and Empathy was published in 1907 by the publisher, Reinhard Piper. Abstraction and empathy were two opposing poles, this counter-pole to the need for empathy appears to us to be the urge to abstraction. My primary concern in this essay is to analyse this urge and to substantiate the importance it assumes within the evolution of art (Worringer, 1907:14) For Worringer, empathy relates to three-dimensional space while abstraction is a flat, crystalline. Empathy is individual; abstraction is collective. Where empathy is curves, abstraction is the direct and straight line. Such abstraction does not make use of any natural object as a model, and the geometric line is distinguished from the natural object precisely by the fact that it does not stand in any natural context. (Worringer, 1907:20). Additionally, empathy is like ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy, while abstraction is like ancient Egypt and medieval Europe. For Worringer, Greek temples are about empathy, and the pyramids are the sum of abstraction. Worringer was influential to abstract art because he thought abstract art is not secondary or lower than realist art, and worthy of respect. His theories lift up the application of abstraction in pre-war European art. Although the abstract art pioneer Kandinsky did not refer to Worringer in his books, he was familiar with Worringers work, and their books were published by the same editor, Reinhard Piper, because Kandinsky had a very strong personality, he did not owe anything to Worringer. From 1910 to 1914, Kandinsky broke through traditional art ever more than before both in practice and theory, he started art forms based on the nature; and then he transformed those to the completed abstract form. He was the first artist to publish theories about abstraction, in Concerning the Spiritual in art and for him, it seems, abstraction is synonymous with symbol. Kazimir Malevich is another pioneer Russian abstract artist, and he is also the founder of the Avant-garde Suprematist movement, which focused on fundamental geometric forms. In 1916, he supposed his art was pure and without any trace of the objects found in nature. Piet Mondrian had significant influence to the De Stijl art movement, and he seems to be different in development from Kandinsky and Malevich, not only in forms but also in style of composition. He had started to use the words abstract and abstraction since 1915. He wanted art to be a high reality which was beyond nature and would help viewers to reach the greatest understanding and knowledge. Nevertheless, Mondrian shared the same inspiration with other two pioneers Kandinsky and Malevich, and they all have their ideas in the teaching of Theosophy, which was founded by Madame Blavatsky in modern society in New York 1875. Theosophists insist that those activities such as the philosophy, science, arts, commerce, religion and philanthropy, make people much closer to the Absolute. Kandinsky and Mondrian intended to use the painting to help people to get a spiritual revival. They have other similar points as well, firstly, Kandinsky and Mondrian found a certain connection between painting and music, which is the nearest art form to abstraction; it can convert the emotion purely without any external references. Secondly, they all use colour as language, representing certain meanings, for instance Kandinsky defines red as blood, blue as heaven, Mondrian named red as outward, and blue as inward. Finally, they all wanted to utilize abstraction to achieve freedom of expression. After World War I, Constructivism was a major postwar abstract movement in Europe, which had utopian and political implications for abstraction, and new technology and new media also had an effected like as radio and cinema. As a result, a much wider range of public could be reached and affected by abstract art. There were three groups of constructivism in different countries, De Stijl in the Netherland, Bauhaus in Germany, and the Constructivists in Soviet Union respectively. De Stijl was a Dutch movement founded by Van Doesburg in 1917, and artists shared certain ideas about geometric abstraction. As Van Doesburg said: we speak of concrete and not abstract painting because nothing is more concrete, more real than a line , a colour, a surface (Balj, 1974: 181) They used pure abstraction to make the objective to basic pattern and colour; and simply visualised them to the vertical and horizontal directions, coclour h black and white were basically applied. De Stijl was of great importance in spreading abstraction throughout Europe during that period. Walter Gropius, A German architect set up the Bauhaus in 1919 in the city of Weimar. The teaching program was seen to unite all relevant arts, which are including architecture, painting, weaving and stained glass. Abstraction was clearly the language of all aspects of the Bauhaus. Kandinsky was one of the teachers, and during this period, he developed his theories in arts, he emphasized that the resounding triad: Romantic, Germanic, Slavic would be the basis for all future developments in abstraction.( Lindsay, 1982: 514). The most important influence on Bauhaus is modernism, which can be traced back to the later 19 century and early 20 century. Modernism are whose who think in different and board way compared to traditional way in many fields such as religious faith, literature, social organization, architecture, and daily life. Modernism has appeared in Germany before world war †¦Ã‚ ¡, though conservatism was still dominant. The design innovations commonly in Bauhaus is the mu ch more simplified patterns, functional architecture, and the idea about reconciliation of massive production. The Bauhaus style was one of the most significant trends in modern design and Modern architecture in the United Sates, Western Europe and Canada in decades. Constructivism in Soviet Union was fund in Russia from 1919 onward, the artists hoped that abstract art would became a function of a socially approved goal and was utilitarian. Vladimir Tatlin was the most important artist of Russia constructivism, he attempted to build The Monument for the Third International, which functioned symbolically as a sign of the new government, but was never built. During the 1920 and 1930, lots of artist refugees moved to Paris due to abstract art being banned in German and Russia by Hitler and Stalin. Paris became the center of abstract art, dedicated here by some abstract groups flourished, such as Cercle et Carrà © and Abstraction-Crà ©ation. Abstraction-Crà ©ation published its journal at this same time, and in the first of issueà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Abstraction-Crà ©ation pointed out the meaning of the title; Abstraction represented the artists who arrived at the concept of non-figuration by the abstracted form of nature. Crà ©ation showed that artists came with a pure geometric order. Abstraction became an acceptable and even popular art choice in that period. However, there are also problem with abstraction in Paris, because Paris was part of too many difference abstract tendencies, there were certain disagreement between them. During the Second World War, many Europe abstract artists moved to the United States, the world centre of art shifted from Paris to New York. At the end of the Second World War, Picasso became the artistic hero of France, so abstract painters were ignored, such as Klee and Mondrian whose exhibitions were closed by authorities. Nevertheless, a range of abstractions flourished in Paris supported by a small group of critics and gallery owners. The major branch at that time was geometric art, shown by Tachisme which is often thought be similar movement as abstract expressionism. In Paris, the expressive tendencies were partly inspired by Roger Bissiere, as a teacher at the Academie Ransom during the 1930s. He encouraged so many younger artists such as Jean Le Moal, Maria Elena Vieira da Silva. The ideas were to create the abstract works which original from the expressive qualities of nature. During the 1930s and 1940s, abstract art was often attacked in the United States. Through the 1930s, abstract art was connected with Communism. Especially at this time, some artists thought that abstraction was suitable for decorative use, it did not meet the requirement of other art forms, the abstracts was thought to be too subjective. During this period, there were many Jewish à ©migrà © living in NY after Nazi occupation. Among them, Clement Greenberg and Harold Rosenberg were in the leading position of critics in the new American painting; they were Jews, Marxists, anti-Stalinists. As Marxists, they looked forward to the revolution that would usher in socialism, as modernists, they supported the most advanced art in that period, There are connections between Marxism and Modernism, Marxism aim to make better life, Modernists strive to make things better in art. During the 1930s, the Communist party was dominated by leftist circles. Art was supported and promoted by Stalinists in America, dictated by Soviets who showed the art as ivory-tower escapism and tied to make the artist follow Social Realism styles. Greenberg and Rosenberg were in the opposition, they debated Social Realism as academic and banal. After that, Greenberg and Rosenberg lost the interest in Socialism and focused on Art-Modernism, abstract Expressionism was firstly used in Rosenbergs essay American Action Painters published in ART news of1952 December issue, Call this painting abstract or Expressionist or Abstract-Expressionist, what counts is its special motive for extinguishing the object, which is not the same as in other abstract or Expressionist phases of modern art.'(Rosenberg,1952:22). Greenberg also supported the abstract expressionist movement and was one of the first critics to appreciate Jackson Pollock art works. Greenberg compared abstract and representational art in his essay, he first pointed out that What counts first and last in art is quality; all other things are sec ondary. (Greenberg, 1961:133). He then said the image did not add value in the quality of art, recognizable image will add conceptual meaning to a picture, but the fusion of conceptual with aesthetic meaning does not affect quality. (Greenberg, 1961:132), and more and less in art do not depend on the intensity and depth of such significances, be they few or many , as are present. (Greenberg, 1961:132). So he claim the representational painting did no achieved major quality in recently , and abstract art was getting important, And if the abstract is indeed improve, such improvement has now become necessary to important art. (Greenberg, 1961:135). Abstraction was rescued by expressionism, with all of its visual and thematic diversity, would certainly remain one of the most widely discussed of any artistic movement in the United States. Simultaneously heralded and disputed both nationally and abroad, its deep radicality and reinvention of modernist forms would indelibly mark the history of post-World War à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡art.'(Balken, 2005: 76) There were different European movements to influence the new generation of American abstract artists in 1940, Surrealism had the greatest impact. Arshile Gorky can be seen as the last of the great Surrealists and the first of the Abstract Expressionists. Abstract Expressionism can be divided into two branches in American, Gesture Painting represented by Jackson Pollock, De Kooning and colour-field painting and colour-field painting including Josef Albers, Barnett Newman. Jackson Pollock was described as breaking the ice' in terms of creating the new American painting, he showed the new art technique; drip paintings after 1947. And his large-scale paintings were to achieve a fuller, environmental impact. Unlike earlier abstract work, such painting had no geometric or grid construction (as in Cubism); no biomorphic references (as in Surrealism or Gorky); no premeditated form (Kandinsky); no illusion of spatial recession ( Matta) .(Moszynska,1990: 151) De Kooning was alone among the American abstract expressionists in his persistent confrontation with human figure, from images of men in the thirties and forties to women whose embrace unfurls into a cross in the sixties. Between the late 1950s and the early 1960s, De Kooning started a new phase, and he moved the focus from pure abstractions in landscape to the human figure. Both Pollock and De Kooning are not only for the abstraction, they did representational paintings as well, which was unlike the early abstract artists. De Kooning utilized figuration with his Woman series, and Pollock had the return of imagery in his late works such as Lavender Mist and Autumn Rhythm. Color was abandoned by some gesture painters such as De Kooning, contrasted to this, the colour-field painters focused on chromatic values and discovered the effects of colours as opposed to the expressive impact of line. Barnett Newman tried to seek an original model of abstract terms, reducing his compositional elements to a large field of uninflected colour with narrow vertical column. In his first works featuring zips, the color fields are not pure, but later the colours are pure and flat. By the 1960s, abstraction was moving away from the subjective and the expressive to a cooler sensibility. Most abstraction works were restricted to straight lines and minimum colour. In the mid-1960s and after, Minimalism are those who described movements in different forms in art and design, particularly visual art and music. Major artists are considered as the leader in this movement include Donald Judd, Agnes Martin; Robert Morris. Minimalist sculptures avoid the challenges about illusionism due to its inherent material literalism, which the abstract painter who attempted to show the spiritual or emotional possibilities had to confront. The Minimalists wanted their work to become a part of the environment, like every day work, and artists want the viewer to move the attention from the works themselves, and concentrate on the relationship between them and environment. Conceptual art was an extension of Minimalism, idea was fundamental point of the whole object, even an idea can be the work of art without an object, Sol Lewitt describes conceptual art as In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art. (Lewitt, 1967: 80). In that period, abstraction started to attract the attention of artists who wanted to explore the basic premises, including a pure form of world appearances, compositional unity and balance and freedom. The latter was attacked as an impossibility that no art can ever completely evade worldly references and no artist can remain free of the influence of their cultural environment. At the beginning of 1970s, lots of artists were affected by certain development links to structuralist philosophy, part of a trend now commonly referred to as Postmodernism. One of the most fascinating postmodern artists was Gerhard Richter, Richter made his paintings in a multistep process, and most of them begin with a photograph, and the art works present both natural but illusionistic space and the physical activity and material painting which are mutual interferences. For him, the most important features of abstraction were its deliberate lack of meaning, and subject is essential. Richer said that abstra ct art provides a better possibility of approaching what is non-visual and incomprehensible, because it portrays nothing directly visually, with all the means available to art.'(1991) Abstract art now seems to have entered into a new era -pluralism, and there is no certain representative style, made of diversity modes, digital art, pop art, op art and so on. The attitude of an anything and everything going on are popular, which means artist tried as possible much as art forms to present their work, but this lead to a nothing going on. Contemporary artists now no longer make a clear distinction between abstraction and figuration. In the works of Chris Ofilli for example he used decorative motifs and abstract patterns sometimes with a reference to OP art alongside grotesque figurative image. Peter Doig uses technique developed by colour-field painters such as flatness and large area of colours stained into the canvas to produce his landscape. In the following paragraph, I will analyze three abstractionist works and theories in detail, Wasily Kandinsky, Jackson Pollock and De Kooning respectively. Kandinsky Kandinsky can undoubtedly be described as the most significant founder of abstract art, he studied economics and law before becoming a painter in age of thirty. In the book On Spiritual in Art which I have mentioned in the history of abstract art, Kandinsky for the first time systematically expounded the theory of abstract painting. He explored the possibility of abstraction in another very important essay called On the Question of Form. (1912) Kandinsky set up art work which was made of an inner and outer form, outer form was less important in the art works, the content of the work was determined by the inner feeling of artist, soul (inner sound). Kandinsky may well have absorbed and concurred with the Theosophists belief in the mysticism of colour and form. Kandinsky believed that painting was like music, abstract painting is in the use of colour analogy music notes, in his view, and the colour also has the effect of sound and melody, and even has a symphony of shock strength. Using colour in arts seems to the music effects of shocks to soul, and directly reaches the depths of the spirit. Colour is a power which directly influences the soul. Colour is the Keyboard, the eyes are the hammers, and the soul is the piano with many strings. The artist is the hand which plays, touching one key or another, to cause vibrations in the soul (Kandinsky, 2004: 32) Kandinskys work can be divided into three period, his residence in Munich (1896-1921), at the Bauhaus (1922-1932) and in Paris (1933-1944). The styles of painting during those three periods are not same. The works in Munich were influenced by Symbolism and Fauvism. The Bauhaus work is more geometrical and paintings in Paris were much more organic and have a mark of return to the decorative detail of his early years. Jackson Pollock In 1936, Pollock inspired by David Alfaro Siqueiros, a Mexican muralist and started to use liquid paint at an experimental workshop. After this, he used the dripping painting technique which was one of his techniques; the represented works are Male and Female and Composition with Pouring I. At the late stage of his painting, Pollock removed the canvas from the frame and put it on the floor; he then dripped black and blue-white paint on the surface of canvas with a arcs controller. This drawing technique challenged the traditional drawing function. By 1950, this action of pouring and dripping became mature, as shown by Lavender Mist, the whole painting was operated on the floor and all surface covered by interlacing trails. This new technique of drawing was known as all-over painting, because his unique painting style, Jack the Dripper appear in Time magazine- Pollocks finest paintingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ reveal that his all-over line does not give rise to positive or negative areas: we are not made to feel that one part of the canvas demands to be read as figure, whether abstract or representational, against another part of the canvas read as ground. There is not inside or outside to Pollocks line or the space through which it movesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Pollock has managed to free line not only from its function of representing objects in the world, but also from its task of describing or bounding shapes or figures, whether abstract or representational, on the surface of the canvas.'(Karmel, 2002: 132) De Kooning In 1938, when he in his thirties, De Kooning focused on images of men, including Two Men Standing, Man, and Seated Figure (Classic Male), he often use his own image in the front of mirror, I took my trousers, my work clothes . I made a mixture out of glue and water, dipped the pants in and dried in front of the heater I made a little plaster head. I made drawings from it m and had it for years in my studio. (Kooning, D. 1976. ) In 1946, he turned his style to only black and white painting a series of large abstraction such like Light in August (c. 1946) and Black Friday (1948). These are essentially black with white elements and these abstracts of feature were by a forceful and energetic approach. The feature of de Koonings style focuses on complex figures with a background which overlaps other figures causing them to appear in the foreground, which in turn might be overlapped by dripping lines of paint. He considered painting an experience, expression, the process of the realization of freedom. In 1953, he gained attention from the public with his theme of woman, those works were representational paintings. So De Kooning kept to both abstraction and representational paintings through out his career. Between the late 1950s and the early 1960s, De Koonings works entered a new period, his style is back to the nearly pure abstractions, he made more landscapes than the human figure. These paintings showed brushstrokes and calligraphic tendencies, such as Bolton Landing (1957) and Door to the River (1960) I have been looking over the past hundred years about abstraction in art both historically and theoretically, and I also analyzed some abstractionists which have large influence to me, and so I come to a conclusion. When a abstract work is successful, the language of abstraction is achieved by form and content which is consistent or one, and the form can carry a specific meaning, From Kandinsky to Pollock, artists created their own style and through which they present their personal belief, abstract art has been around almost a hundred years, it still continues to produce a new form and style, and has a leading position in art. It also affected and developed in other areas such as science, and technology. It proves that abstract art can have a large capacity to absorb meanings, so it can be assumed that it will emerge in a new form in the future. Abstract art needs to have freedom from the outside material world, the abstraction is about mind and it is about spirit, I dont mean that the abstract artist should completely eliminate representational paintings, which early abstract artist such as Kandinsky and Mondrian did, but Pollock and De kooning did not, what I am try to say is that artists need to focus on heightening emotions, and freedom must be a primary element for abstraction. However, those freedoms seem to have conditions, it depends on whether the artists are popular, if the artists are not popular, they may not able to live in that situation. Abstract art can not be only sensuous without relevant meaning, if the abstract art just wants get the attention from the public; it will lose the audience who demand culture. Abstraction can not get an instinctive response like music from viewer, and it must set up a connection between the works and audience and have the ability to deal with a viewer who does not wish to make the effort. The new generation artists have to take risks to create a new style of abstraction, there is no kind of universal language of art which can be utilized for long. In this age , we are living in a varied society, and abstraction belongs to high level art, any high level art is easily to be overwhelmed by advanced and popular culture if it remains the same. Successful abstraction can be achieved by artists who confront and create their own time, and this will keep abstract art alive and continue going.

Broadband Access Wired Mediums

Broadband Access Wired Mediums Broadband Access High speed internet access is also called as Broadband. With the help of broadband access we can send large amount data at a same time through a medium. It’s also called as â€Å"Broad Bandwidth† connection. Bandwidth can be defined as the amount of data transmitted or in other word it can be defined as the width of the connection. Bandwidth can be expressed in bits per second that is the amount of bit of data that can flow through a line. But nowadays the bandwidth speed has changed that’s from bps to Kbps to Mbps and now in Gbps. We have two type of medium through which we can get broadband access one is â€Å"Wired Medium† and the other is â€Å"Wireless Medium†. Wired Medium There are many wired mediums through which broadband internet access can be obtained. Few are listed below. Cable. HFC. XDSL. Fiber Optic’s. Power Line Access. Cable Internet It uses the same co-axial cable which is used for viewing Television. In order to provide this Cable internet to the subscriber the cable operator has to upgrade his equipments. The Cable subscriber can obtain this cable internet service by using cable modem and connect this modem to the computer. The cable modem works like Television but its differs in the output, the output in the television is a TV program but in cable internet it’s a web page. The cable has a storage or space, through which the television program can be transmitted and this space is called as the â€Å"Bandwidth†. So this bandwidth will bring webpage and television program to the end user. The cable modem transmits full duplex with great speeds ranging from 10 -20 Mbps (regardless of distance) but degrades when it’s shared by multiple users at the same time. Cable Internet Access is reliable but not secure.By using firewall and proper password protection we can over come the security problem. Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) HFC is an extension of Cable internet.The signals from headend system to the customer pass over a combination of fiber and coaxial cable. Fiber optic cables will connect the head end system to the neighboring node and co-axial cable is used to connect households to this node. Figure 2: Hybri Fiber Coax In HFC the signals will flow in both forward direction (Downstream) that is from head end system to customer via node and reverse direction (Upstream)that is from customer to head end system via node. Since coaxial cable (shared medium) is used for connecting node and customer there will be lot of interference in Upstream and Downstream of signals. To avoid this interference in coaxial cable the frequency is split into two. In HFC the Downstream is allocated with more frequency bandwidth than the Upstream because more video content is sent to the homes, so for this reason â€Å"Non-Symmetrical† process is followed to configure HFC network. By â€Å"Non-Symmetrical we mean path in one direction (Downstream) has more data carrying capacity. Earlier the upstream was used for information like ordering movie, audio etc.. But now extra features like internet and telephone are added to HFC network and hence the upstream is utilized more. xDSL The generic name for DSL technology family is xDSL.DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) uses telephone line to provide high speed internet broad band access the speed of which can be 1.5 Mbps for a typical residential connection or more. The various type of xDSL are shown below: ADSL RADSL SDSL HDSL HDSL2 VDSL ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) This technology uses existing phone connection to provide high speed internet broadband access. The word Asymmetric means the Downstream and upstream speed differs in other words more data is transmitted in Downstream than Upstream, Digital means the data is converted into digital form i.e. 1’s and 0’s and by â€Å"Subscriber Line† it mean simple copper wire is used for this. In the telephone exchange this ADSL can be implemented with special equipments and in the customer side it can be obtained by connecting a the phone connection to ADSL modem and ADSL modem is connected to the computer. One major disadvantage of ADSL is that the speed will get reduced as distance between the ADSL provider and Customer increases. ADSL uses the Frequency Division Multiplexing technique for data transmission. The communication link is divided into three non overlapping frequency band, two-way telephone channel (0 to 4 KHz band-POTS),medium speed Upstream (4KHz to 50 KHz band) and High speed Downstream(50KHz to 1MHz) RADSL (Rate-adaptive Digital Subscriber Line) RADSL differs from ADSL .In RADSL depending upon the length and the quality of the line, the modem can adjust the speed of the connection. SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line) In SDSL Upstream and Downstream have the same speed. SDSL can transfer data up to 3Mbps in both directions. The figure below shows the difference between ADSL and SDSL. From the figure it’s clearly seen from ADSL the Sending (Upstream) have small pipeline where as in the SDSL both Upstream and Downstream have same pipeline size Figure 3:SDSL With ADSL webpage access is not an issue. But ADSL faces problem when it needs to download large amount of data. HDSL (High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line) HDSL will provide speed up to 1.5 Mbps in both the directions (Upstream and Downstream) which can be used for businesses that hosts websites. HDSL 2(High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line 2) This advanced version of HDSL this HDSL2 will provide same throughput in single copper wire and provide telephone service. VDSL (Very high bit-rate Digital Line Subscriber) This VDSL is advanced version of DSL technologies which has very high downstream speed (52 Mbps) and upstream (12 Mbps) bandwidth. VDSL architecture is based on two technologies QAM (Quadrature amplitude modulation) or DMT (Discrete multitone modulation) that are not compatible. The most commonly used technologies are DMT. Fiber Optic’s In Fiber Optic’s data is transmitted via optical fibers. Optical fiber is a thin wire made up of pure glass with .These Optical fibers are bundled together to form a Optical cable that transmits data to long distances. The Figure shown below will discuss about the various parts of the Optical Cable.Optical Cable has three parts namely the Core, the Cladding and the Coating. Core: The inner most layer of the Optical Cable made up of glass. In this layer the data is transmitted in the form of light. Cladding: This layer is above the inner core. This layer is also made up of glass. The main use of this layer is to reflect light back into the core. Coating: This is outermost layer of the cable. The main use of this layer is to protect the cable from damage. This optical fiber cable is covered with an outer jacket. The are two types of Optical fiber, Single mode and Multimode. The Single mode uses laser beam to transmit data, the inner core of which is small in diameter and hence has less to nil modal dispersion. On the contrary, the Multimode has a larger diameter, uses LED and suffers from modal dispersion. Broadband over Lines (BPL) This technology provides high speed broadband internet access to homes via electrical outlets. By combining the concepts of modem, radio and wireless networking ,the BPL developers developed a way to send data via power lines to homes at speed of 3Mbps. The BPL developers by adjusting the Power Lines with the help of special equipments can send data on it. The BPL developers could partner with power companies and Internet service providers to bring broadband to everyone with access to electricity. There are two types of BPL services, In-house BPL that is used to network inside buildings and Access BPL that provides Broadband internet via power lines Figure 5: Broadband Over Line Silicon Chipset in modem helps in getting the data from an electrical outlet and uses modulation technique and adaptive algorithm to handle noise in the power lines. From the figure above we can see that the modem looks like a common adapter which c an be plugged into electrical socket, and an Ethernet wire from the modem will connect to the computer. Wireless Medium (Micro Wave) Satellite This technology uses satellites and satellite dish to provide high speed broadband internet connection and uses microwaves to transmit data signals. With the help of this technology we can link two or more base stations on earth. The signals from the base station are passed to the satellite on one frequency and the satellite will regenerate the signal or increase the signal strength with the help of repeater and will send it to the destination base station. There two type of satellite used for this purpose, geostationary satellite and low altitude satellite. Geostationary satellite remain at the same spot above the earth (36000 Km) .Because of the huge distance between the base station and the satellite, it will induce a propagation delay and its used mainly in telephone service . Low altitude satellites revolve around the earth and provide continuous coverage for all the area. There are two types of satellite broadband access, two way satellite internet services and one way satellite internet services. In two way the data can be transmitted in both the direction and in order to do this the satellite dish must be large. In one-way its can only receive data not send data. There are two types of satellite system asynchronous satellite system and synchronous satellite system.In asyn the upstream and downstream speed will be different where as in synch the speed in both the direction will be same. Major advantage of this technology is that it can provide high speed broadband internet access to the place where wired medium is not possible. The speed of download is 600k and upload is 128K. Major disadvantage is the price and reliability of the service ( it may get affected due to bad weather). Wireless Medium (Radio Wave) Fixed Wireless This technology uses Radio waves to provide high speed broadband internet access. There are two types, point-to-point fixed wireless and point-to-multipoint fixed wireless. In Point-to-Point signal is transferred from one antenna to other antenna(indoor or outdoor) which is on ground station .The main disadvantage in Point-to-Point is line of sight .Signal cannot reach the destination antenna if its not in the line of sight of the first antenna. In Point-To-Multipoint the only difference is that the signals via radio waves can be transmitted to many receivers rather than one dedicated receiver. It has the same drawback line of sight. Wi-Fi Here it uses radio waves to send and transmit data. To implement this we need a wireless adapter card and a wireless router. The digital information (web page request) from the computer is converted to radio wave with the help of wireless adapter. These radio waves are captured by wireless router which in turn will convert the radio signals back to digital signal and send the information to net via Ethernet cable. The response (webpage) will reach the wireless router which converts them into radio waves which is in turn converted into digital signal by wireless adapter. WiMax The main disadvantage of wireless broad band is that it is very expensive and cant be widespread. Wi-Fi works only in Hotspots. To over come these difficulties WiMax technology is introduced which is like a cell phone with broadband access. It basically has 2 parts WiMax Tower and WiMax Receiver. Wifi max tower work the same way as the cellular tower and has a very large coverage area. The wimax tower is connected to internet always or it can be connected to other wimax tower using line of sight microwave link .WiMax receiver is like a wireless adapter used in Wi-fi technology Wimax provides two type of wireless service. â€Å"Non Line of Sight† service in which the computer uses an antenna to connect it to the tower. â€Å"The line of sight in† which the antenna is fixed in a roof top and pointed directly to the wimax tower.

A Comparison of Hard Times and Dulce Et Decorum Est :: comparison compare contrast essays

A Comparison of Hard Times and Dulce Et Decorum Est      Ã‚   It is amazing what we can learn about the different societies by studying the literature prevalent of their times. According to Michel Foucault, "Through language and thought, each period in history develops its own perceptions of the nature of reality (or what it defines as truth) and sets up its own acceptable and unacceptable standards of behavior" which he calls "episteme" (Bressler 242).   Within the text of "Hard Times" Charles Dickens brings the reader an understanding of what was happening to the English society during the Victorian age. As we read this text we can have the opportunity to view the thoughts of the Victorian culture as well as view what happened at that time though our own.    The title of his story brings the reader to an understanding of what is behind the story even before reading the text. It is written in simple language for all to understand, those of the times, and those who read the story in the future. Dickens does not complain of kings who lack morals or knights who seek justice. He does not write of men seeking honor in battle or the absurdity of war. He writes in plain language for the common man to comprehend of a different battle than one might suspect. He speaks of the battle his society faces while going through the growing pains of advancing technology and it's effect on the people of his country. The author speaks of a city called "Coketown" that is being transformed into an industrial conglomeration from what once was a pleasant city of humans living and together to make a better life. When Dickens writes, "It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it" he is complainin g of a vanishing beauty that once held this city and it's people in safety (Longman1828).    Dickens goes on to describe the city as having, "a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye" which would bring the reader to consider the possible pollution of the waterway (Longman 1829). It is apparent by reading the comments of Dickens that at the time of writing "Hard Times" was directed at the cities governing body in an attempt at righting the wrongs of technologies effects on the city.

The Interaction Between Body and Writing :: Teaching Writing

The Interaction Between Body and Writing My first text for this assignment was this haiku: thank god for spring in Ypsi; makes it easier to get out of bed. It seemed appropriate to the task of attempting to write in English without using any technology, as the haiku form is traditionally concerned with the natural world. I envisioned the grass and earth on my property, newly bared to the sun again after the snows, and the letter-making materials available on the site. I could hear my paper unfolding in my head; since the point of the project was to come to terms with the bonded nature of language to technology in writing, I could see whole paragraphs about my use of found sticks and mud as well as bits of discarded junk that my landlord had left lying around since last fall. My argument would be that the use of materials that had originated from the natural world and been manipulated by technology that were now returning to their natural home symbolized the interwoven relationships between thought and feeling and action that is written communication. I had some lovely big ideas. But then I started wandering around in my head a little bit, and some interesting questions came up. Having grown up in ballet and still acting in the world to some extent as a dancer, I wondered if dance is also a technology in the same way that the alphabet and writing are. It seems to me that social dance, while it does serve the purpose of communication to some extent, has no articulated 'alphabet' of signifiers that compare to words and letters. Dance forms like ballet and flamenco, however, most definitely do. For the trained dancer and the educated audience member, ballet is a system of movement with numerous gestures, movements and shapes that signify specific meanings. The manner in which dance is formed, however, via the body of the 'author,' doesn't perform the same separating function that Walter Ong claims writing does in his essay Writing is a Technology that Restructures Thought. The technology of dance is contained within the author, but the technology of writing is e xternal to the author. While writing "promotes 'objectivity'" by distancing the performer from his/her ideas via performance (326), dance to some extent preserves the unity of thought/emotion and the thinker. With my confidence shored up by Naomi Baron's discussion of the

The Benefits Of Gasification Technology Over Incineration Environmental Sciences Essay

Both gasification and incineration are capable of change overing hydrocarbon-based risky stuffs to simple, nonhazardous by-products ( Beginning: U.S. Department of Energy March 30, 2000 ) , but gasification can be seen to be more good for many grounds. The procedure as a whole uses less O than conventional incineration significance that fewer air emanations may be produced incorporating possible pollutants. It besides means less C dioxide is produced potentially intending less impact on planetary clime alteration from waste incineration. Any C dioxide produced during gasification is present at higher force per unit areas than in watercourses produced in conventional incineration, doing it easier to capture and take before release into the ambiance. ( Source NETL – National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy Website ) . Gasification is a procedure in which stuffs are exposed to some O, but non plenty to let burning to happen. The ensuing gas mixture of C monoxide, H and methane ( with smaller measures of C dioxide and N ) is called syngas and is itself a fuel. It has a calorific value so can be used as a fuel to bring forth electricity or steam or as a basic chemical feedstock in the petrochemical and refinement industries. The calorific value of the syngas will depend on the composing of the input waste waste to the gasifier. Harmonizing to research undertaken by Euromia for the Greater London Authority, syngas possibly used to bring forth energy more expeditiously than incineration utilizing gas engines or even fuel cells, whereas conventional incineration can merely bring forth energy less expeditiously via steam turbines ( Eunomia Research and Consulting 2008 ) . Gasification is besides shown to be more cost effectual than conventional incineration and potentially better at raising gross. The syngas can be converted into many valuable merchandises, runing from bring forthing energy in the signifier of electricity to harvest home of chemicals such as sulfur. ( U.S. Department of Energy. March 2000 ) . Hydrogen can besides be harvested and used in other applications. Hence the syngas is used for many applications whereas the treated gas from conventional incinerators goes straight back out into the environment. Besides, the energy produced may be eligible for more Reclamations Obligations Certificates ( ROC ‘s ) than conventional incineration therefore once more increasing the possible income. ( Source – Ilex Energy Consulting. September 2005 ) . Another benefit of syngas production is that concluding emanations of pollutants such as Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides, and other particulates are greatly reduced as compared to conve ntional incineration systems. Due to the high sum of O used in the conventional incineration procedure any sulfur or nitorogen compunds in the waste are converted to Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides which so have to be treated seperately. In contrast in the low O environment of gasification these are non so readily formed and where they are the modern gasification systems are designed to retrieve 95-99 % of them and in the instance of sulfur this forms a high-putiry sulfur by-porduct. ( Source U.S. Department of Energy. March 2000 ) Another benefit of gasification is the existent works itself. They are modular and hence made up of little units which can be added to or taken away from. This proves an advantage as waste watercourses can change for illustration, if there is a alteration in policy and recycling additions. Therefore they are more flexible and can run at a smaller graduated table so conventional incinerators. They are besides non so reliant on a big provender of waste merchandises to go on working like the conventional incinerators. They are besides faster to construct than conventional incinerators and hence are faster to utilize. Hence, in drumhead, gasification is more cost effectual, cleaner and more efficient than conventional incineration and more utile in that it produces many byproducts that can be used in down watercourse production.The factors impacting the pick of bag filters or ESP in waste incinerators.There are many factors act uponing the pick of bag filters or electrostatic precipitators in incinerators. Below are six of these factors. Factor one: The type of waste being incinerated Different provender stocks for the incinerator will bring forth different air watercourses and dust or ash merchandises. This is of import as for illustration the combustibleness of some all right stuffs produced regulations out the usage of electrostatic precipitators. Bag filters are really efficient at roll uping all right particulates but non so good at big particulates. ( Source I Fanthom, C. Cottingham ) Most common ESP filtration is best used for gaining control of light atmospheric dust. Unless a ego cleaning electrostatic precipitator is used, beginning gaining control or direct ducting from a heavy dust bring forthing incineration will rapidly make full up the aggregation plates. Heavy dust aggregation requires storage for a big volume of dust. The surface country of bag filters is much greater than surface country of electrostatic aggregation home bases and work better for dust gaining control of heavy dust bring forthing incineration than ESP would. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dustcollectorexperts.com/electrostatic/ ) If the dust is hygroscopic ( i.e. a stuff which attracts wet from the ambiance. If non protected from contact with the ambiance ( by being stored under vacuity or under a dry gas ) some hygroscopic stuffs will finally pull so much H2O that they will organize solutions ) and these can blind bag filters doing them ineffective. Factor two: Features of the airstream The features of the airstream can hold important impacts on the aggregator system. For illustration cotton cloth bag filters can non be used where air temperatures exceed 82 grades centigrade. Besides condensation of steam or H2O vapors can blind bags doing them uneffective. Assorted chemicals created in the airstream can respond with the H2O in the airstream and signifier caustic liquids such as sulfuric acid which can eat any metal in the bag i.e. if it is rearward jet bag filter with a metal coop. ESP ‘s can defy caustic stuff doing aggregation possible. The individual most of import factor act uponing the Elecrostatic precipitator is the electric resistance of the gas being caught. Fabric filters take dust from a gas watercourse by go throughing gas through a cloth and go forthing dust on the surface of the cloth. It is hence non sensitive to dust electric resistance. A fabric filter can work on emanation degrees of 10-20 mg/NM3 whereas an ESP needs to be sized to suit demands. Factor three – Cost With most designs of ESP ‘s they have to close the line down in order to keep them which incurs a cost. With most bag filters they can be changed online, non incurring a cost of closing down. The power ingestion utilizing a bag filter is higher than utilizing an ESP, evidently incurring more costs for more power. Bag filters need to be changed more often than an Electrostatic Precipitator. Typically bags need altering every 4 old ages. An ESP needs a full service every 20-30 old ages. The ESP ‘s are more expensive to put in than the bag filters Dust tonss may be needed to be reduced before the Electrostatic Precipitation procedure ( precleaner may be needed ) hence adding to the cost. Factor Five – Conformity with Environmental ordinances and jurisprudence. In 1990 the Environmental protection Act ( EPA ) introduced Integrated Pollution Control ( IPC ) necessitating higher control of emanations in most industries. More late the waste Incineration Directive was introduced and has imposed important alterations on any procedure combustion waste stuffs. For illustration the entire emanation value for Cd is 0.05 mg/Nm3. ( Source – The Waste Incineration Directive 2000 ) . Hence the type of intervention demands to be chosen in order to fulfill these ordinances. It will besides depend how near the waste incinerator is to edifices and the type of edifice i.e. is it near a residential country. Hence more ordinances need to be considered sing public wellness. Factor Six- Space How much infinite is at that place for the installings. ESP ‘s are larger than bag filters and therefore take up more infinite.Methods for cut downing heavy metals in landfill leachate.There are assorted methods for cut downing heavy metals in landfill leachate -biological, biodegredation utilizing anaerobiotic and aerophilic procedures and chemical and physical methods. Plants can be used to handle leachate utilizing at that place natural up return procedures. One such intervention that has been investigated is utilizing vertiver grass ( N. Roongtanakiat, T.Nirunrach, S.Chanyotha, D. Hengchaovanich. 168-175. 2003 ) . The vertiver grass took up more heavy metals as the strength of the leachate increased and the heavy metals were equally distributed in the shoot and the root. The consequences of the field test at the landfill site besides indicated that vertiver could be used in rehabilitating landfills and nearby countries. The vertiver workss were shown to decease after 80-85 yearss if 100 % leachate was used so they could non e straight used on immature landfills, but could be used on immature landfills if limited leachate were used. The shoot of the works should be harvested sporadically in order to take the heavy metals from the contaminated dirt and to excite new growing for more consumption. Artificial wetlands utilizing aquatic plants can be used as they grow in anerobic environments and can digest heavy metal concentrations. ( Source M. Pawlouskia, L. Pawlouskia, page 205 ) In one survey they were combined with combined with aerophilic interventions have besides been studied as a remotion method for heavy metals in leachate. The survey was undertaken at Alback landfill site in Sweden In 2003. ( Source – Persson, K. M. , Van Praahg, M and Olsberg.G, E. ( 2007 ) Their leachate intervention system consists foremost of an aeration measure, followed by several wetlands with different deepnesss and flora, intermediate commixture and aeration in a ditch, and eventually deposit in a pool. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn, nickel, lead and Cr were studied. Lead and Cr could non be detected at all in the leachate after it had been through the intervention system. The entire rates of decrease in the whole wetland system for Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations were on mean â€⠀œ 83 % 74 % and 68 % severally. Nickel passed unchanged through the wetlands. The lone job with this intervention is that the remotion rates of the heavy metals is limited due to some metals looking as composites which are difficult to entree and take in this system. The phytoremediation of leachate is cost effectual and in many instances native workss can be used. ( Source A Chehregan, B Malayen 1560 – 8530,2007 ) Aerobic intervention of the leachate has been shown to be another effectual method that can be used. An illustration of this is an probe whereby leachate is recirculated through the waste mass and air is injected into the waste mass. It was found that the remotion efficiency for Magnesium, Iron, Lead and Zinc was 93 % , 90 % , 43 % and 76 % severally. ( Source – M.Sartaj, M. Ahmardifar, A.Karmi Jastini 107-116 2010 ) Bacterial systems are besides used. Bacterial floc on the on the leachate surviving in an aerated system with O degrees maintained above 5mg/l. The heavy metals are taken in by the bacteriums and incorporated into their cell biomass. ( Source – Arden Quarry Landfill Website ) Chemical intervention is besides used – Three armored combat vehicles are used in which pH is adjusted, metal precipate atoms coagulate and are flocculated and foods are added to promote microbic growing The usage of ferric and ferrous oxides as coagulates separate and clot the heavy metals leting remotion. The usage of oxidizers such as H peroxide or K permanganate react with the heavy metals and pull them out of the leachate leting remotion. Simple pH accommodation of the leachate causes the heavy metals to precipitate from the leachate and therefore be removed. ( Source – United States Environmental Protection Agency 1995 ) Other methods include revolving biological contractors, drip filters, aerated lagunas, up flow anaerobic sludge cover reactors, surface assimilation, deposit, floatation, rearward osmosis and air denudation.Techniques for the separation of plastic types originating from municipal wastesThe recycling of plastics is a major option to landfill and incineration. For the mechanical or chemical recycling methods used some signifier of segregation demands to be undertaken foremost. Plastics come in 7 major signifiers each separaletly classified by their rosin indentification codification by the Society of Plastics industry in 1968. The codification is shown on each fictile merchandise by a trigon of trailing pointers environing a figure for illustration: Pet Polyethylene phenolphthalein – Fizzy drink bottles and oven-ready repast trays. ( Source www.wasteonline.org ) The first and most basic, but of import, point of separation can is done by the consumer of the plastics either as a homeowner utilizing a recycling system designed y the local council or as a company segretagating the waste for recycling. They use the codifications on the plastics. These are so taken away, reduced in size and farther segregated by a assortment of techniques. Fictile separation techniques are based on the differences in the physical belongingss or surface features of the plastic. Manual separation of plastics is still used chiefly for big points on a conveyer. This is non a peculiarly specific technique as operator mistake can happen often ( Source R. Pascoe pp 7 2000. ) Manual screening on the footing of coloring material is besides used. Density separation is a common method for the separation of plastics. All the different types of plastics have different densenesss. Separations are by and large of the sink/float types utilizing an aqueous medium of known denseness. By careful alteration of medium denseness utilizing salt solutions or all right atom suspensions it is possible to divide plastics provided they have a sensible denseness difference ( & A ; gt ; 100 kg m-3 ) ( Source – R. Pascoe, pp15 200 ) Another method utilizing denseness is the usage of gravitative centrifuges. These work utilizing the atoms of the plastics. These are fed in to a seperation liquid. Those atoms with a denseness lower than the liquid float and are removed m=by paddles. Atoms that are denser than the liquid sink and are removde from the underside. Hign separation efficiency can be hard due to the hydrophobic nature of plastics which can intend air bubbles attah to the surface doing the plastics to drift. Plastic segregation by de nseness can be accelarated by centrifugtion ( Source – J. Aguado. Pp 23.1999 ) Besides utilizing a liquid medium, differences in solubility have been investigated for the separation of plastics. A combination of dissolvers and dissolution/precipitation stairss allows the different types of plastics to be isolated. ( Source – J. Aguado. Pp 25.1999 ) A vry new separation technique has been investigated for assorted plastics using selective wetting features. The surface of specific plastics can be selectively changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by utilizing a wetting agent. Then, when little air bubbles are introduced into a separation cell, they adhere to the surface of the hydrophobic plastics and drift them to the H2O surface.. Plastics with the same denseness can be separated by this procedure. The fictile centrifuge can be used for many intents: for dividing plastics from mixtures, riddance of foreign affair such as paper, fibres, aluminum foil, Cu wire french friess, sand, and glass from plastics ; elucidation of waste H2O incorporating all right rosin pulverization ; etc. ( Source K.Saitoh, I. Naguna, S.Izuni. 1976 ) One of the most common methods of fictile segregation is the usage of Near Infrared ( NIR ) Spectroscopy. The reflected radiation from the energy givwn to the plastic is measured in a infrared sensor and the ensuing spectrum is assigend to a specific polymer by comparasion with a spectra library. Different polymers can so be readily identified. It has a really speedy response clip and hence is really efficient. Contaiminations from the waste watercourse such as labels do non adversley impact this type of separation. Another separation technique utilizing visible radiation is the usage of optical maser spectral analysis. The optical maser penetrates the surface and steps emission spetra of the plastics. Different plastics step otherwise on the graduated table. Polarised visible radiation is besides used and this checks the differences of crystallinity. This method chiefly applies to the segregation of Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) from Polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) bottles. UV visib le radiation is besides used. his is used to divide polymers that exhibit different UV induced fluorescence. To human eyes, PET will remain clear while PVC turns black therefore this is a really common manner to manually screen bottles. X-ray techonology can be used on both automated and manual lines and is used to segregate plastics by coloring material and rosin. Many other methods exist for the segregation of plastics including dry methods such as air classifiers, electrostatic separation, and chemical speparation.